Table 1

Domains, events and outcomes identified that are associated with police adverse experiences

DomainEventAssociated outcomes
Operational adverse experiencesWitnessing / involvement in a death in the line of dutyPTSD, anxiety, prolonged grief, chronic stress, sleep disturbance, intrusive imagery
Being seriously assaulted while on dutyPTSD, anxiety, fear of victimisation, job dissatisfaction
Attending a fatal road traffic collision (RTC)PTSD, depression, sleep disturbance, intrusive imagery
Handling human remainsIntrusive imagery, PTSD, distress, sleep disturbance, compassion fatigue
Responding to suicidesSecondary traumatic stress, emotional withdrawal, increased suicide risk
Death of a colleagueSurvivor guilt, depression, increased suicide risk
Investigative adverse experiencesInvestigating the death of a childEmotional trauma, cognitive overload, burnout, depression
Investigating child abuse, rape, and sexual exploitationSecondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, sleep disturbance, burnout
Organisational adverse experiencesProcedural injusticeInstitutional mistrust, reduced commitment, PTSD
Moral injuryCompassion fatigue, PTSD
Prolonged misconduct investigation or inquiryIncreased suicide risk, anxiety, depression
Bullying and harassmentDepression, anxiety, PTSD, emotional exhaustion, isolation, increased suicide risk
Negative leadership and oversightWorkplace stress, presenteeism, leaveism, job dissatisfaction, turnover intention, reduced performance, increased suicide risk

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