Table 1 Design framework for relational...

Table 1

Design framework for relational GenAI integration

1. Relational elements¹	Indicators
1.1 Performance clarification	Communicates clear expectations and standards
	Indicates progress and achievement
	Suggests next steps for development
1.2 Guidance	Offers success strategies
	Provides support resources such as recorded feedback sessions
	Scaffolds approaches
1.3 Communication	Invites discussion and creates opportunities for dialogue
	Facilitates response channels
	Participates in feedback discussions, or consultations
1.4 Emotional engagement	Builds trust
	Demonstrates care
	Supports positive experiences
1.5 Spatial-temporal elements	Considers feedback timing, frequency and pace
	Schedules feedback milestones and review cycles
	Creates safe, inclusive spaces
2. Feedback design²	Indicators
2.1 Socio-affective design	Designs for peer interaction and collaboration
	Builds community
	Encourages development of relationships
2.2 Technical design	Connects and integrates different feedback systems to work together
	Chooses and combines appropriate feedback methods for building relationships
	Creates equitable access to feedback
	Distributes and coordinates feedback through appropriate channels aligned with learning cycles
2.3 Communication design	Formats and crafts messages
	Sets up communication channels
	Designs response mechanisms
	Analyses and responds to interaction patterns
2.4 Feedback development processes	Analyses and applies exemplars and assessment criteria
	Engages in peer feedback
	Self-assessment
	Iterative cycles
3. Critical engagement³	Indicators
3.1 Quality standards orientation	Aligns with discipline / field context
	Follows industry practices / professional guidelines
	Manages complexity and ambiguity
3.2 GenAI system interaction	Evaluates GenAI sources and/or outputs
	Identifies potential biases and limits
	Chooses suitable GenAI tool for the context
3.3 Ethical awareness	Ensures fair and responsible GenAI practices
	Considers societal effects
	Knows when human judgment is essential when using GenAI
3.4 Reflective practice	Analyses process, actions and decisions
	Assesses the outcomes and impact of using GenAI
	Applies insights to new contexts and practice

1. Relational elements¹	Indicators
1.1 Performance clarification	Communicates clear expectations and standards
	Indicates progress and achievement
	Suggests next steps for development
1.2 Guidance	Offers success strategies
	Provides support resources such as recorded feedback sessions
	Scaffolds approaches
1.3 Communication	Invites discussion and creates opportunities for dialogue
	Facilitates response channels
	Participates in feedback discussions, or consultations
1.4 Emotional engagement	Builds trust
	Demonstrates care
	Supports positive experiences
1.5 Spatial-temporal elements	Considers feedback timing, frequency and pace
	Schedules feedback milestones and review cycles
	Creates safe, inclusive spaces
2. Feedback design²	Indicators
2.1 Socio-affective design	Designs for peer interaction and collaboration
	Builds community
	Encourages development of relationships
2.2 Technical design	Connects and integrates different feedback systems to work together
	Chooses and combines appropriate feedback methods for building relationships
	Creates equitable access to feedback
	Distributes and coordinates feedback through appropriate channels aligned with learning cycles
2.3 Communication design	Formats and crafts messages
	Sets up communication channels
	Designs response mechanisms
	Analyses and responds to interaction patterns
2.4 Feedback development processes	Analyses and applies exemplars and assessment criteria
	Engages in peer feedback
	Self-assessment
	Iterative cycles
3. Critical engagement³	Indicators
3.1 Quality standards orientation	Aligns with discipline / field context
	Follows industry practices / professional guidelines
	Manages complexity and ambiguity
3.2 GenAI system interaction	Evaluates GenAI sources and/or outputs
	Identifies potential biases and limits
	Chooses suitable GenAI tool for the context
3.3 Ethical awareness	Ensures fair and responsible GenAI practices
	Considers societal effects
	Knows when human judgment is essential when using GenAI
3.4 Reflective practice	Analyses process, actions and decisions
	Assesses the outcomes and impact of using GenAI
	Applies insights to new contexts and practice

Note(s)

Based on Ajjawi et al. (2022), Dai et al. (2024), Gravett (2022), Gravett and Carless (2024), McArthur (2023), Nieminen and Yang (2024), and Wanner and Palmer (2018)

Based on Carless and Boud (2018), Chen et al. (2023), Dawson et al. (2024), Huber et al. (2024), Payne et al. (2023), and Salehian Kia et al. (2023)

Based on Bearman and Ajjawi (2023), Bearman et al. (2024), Järvelä et al. (2023), Kizilcec et al. (2024), Malik et al. (2023), and Overono and Ditta (2023)

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