Table 2

Industry 4.0 readiness classification

Readiness classORI rangeQualitative description
Very low<20%Both FBB and OC are severely underdeveloped. The company lacks a managerial mindset (FBB) and has significant operational inefficiencies (OC), requiring major structural and process improvements before any I4.0 investments can be effective
Low20% < x<40%Basic FBB elements (e.g. minimal collaboration, adaptiveness or cognition) may be emerging, but OC is still largely immature. The organization shows only limited capacity to integrate or control new technologies, suggesting that substantial investments in readiness are needed
Moderate40% < x<60%FBB and OC are partially developed. While there is some managerial commitment and a nascent strategic orientation, operational processes remain only moderately aligned with I4.0 requirements. Improvements in system integration and process autonomy are needed to fully benefit from digital investments
High60% < x<80%FBB is strong, reflecting a sound managerial mindset, and OC is fairly mature. The company is well-prepared in terms of strategic orientation and operational practices; however, minor gaps (such as in process standardization or real-time data flow) still limit the full leverage of I4.0 benefits
Veery high>80Both FBB and OC are robust. The organization demonstrates excellent managerial readiness – with effective collaboration, adaptability and cognition – and its OCs are highly optimized. This profile indicates optimal preparedness for a successful Industry 4.0 transformation
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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