Table A2

OCs' KPIs

DimensionKPIs1 – Very low2 – Low3 – Medium4 – High5 – Very high
OCs: 2nd ORDERAutonomous ControlDecentralization Degree (movement of goods)Operational decisions are made by managementOperational decisions are made by staff with management approvalOperational decisions are made without prior approval, within clearly defined procedures and limitsOperational decisions are made by staff within their area of responsibilityOperational decisions are made by Staff with significant autonomy
Standardization of Procedures (SOPs)No SOPs exist for movements of goods activitiesSome SOPs exist for the movement of goods activities, but they are incomplete, outdated or not consistently followedThere are SOPs for movements of goods activities but with gaps or inconsistencies. SOPs are generally followed but with some deviationsDetailed SOPs exist for the movement of goods activities. They are regularly reviewed, updated and consistently followedAll movements of goods activities are carried out according to well-documented SOPs
ConnectivityTraceability of GoodsNo formal tracking systemManual tracking with significant delays and inaccuraciesTracking of goods using spreadsheets. Frequent discrepancies between records and physical inventoryBasic tracking systems. Minimal discrepancies between records and physical inventorytracking of all goods at the item level. No discrepancies between the records and physical inventory
Information Transfer (Goods Movement)Information flow is fragmented and relies primarily on email/paperInformation flow relies heavily on paper-based records with manual data entryInformation flow relies on basic digital spreadsheets. However, they are inconsistent, outdated and incompleteInformation flow relies on database systems for data storage. However, they still rely on manual data entryThe information flow digital platforms and efficient data management practices. and minimal manual data entry
Coordination among Activities (movement of goods)Activities related to goods movement are entirely uncoordinatedCoordination of goods movement activities is limited, resulting in frequent delays, inefficiencies and operational bottlenecksSome coordination exists between activities, but it is primarily reactive and reliant on informal communicationActivities are consistently coordinated through established processes, with efficient resolution of minor issuesActivities related to goods movement are coordinated and optimized, ensuring maximum efficiency
IntegrationSystems Integration (Goods Movement)Multiple and separate systems are used for different aspects of goods activitiesFew integrations among different systems for movement of goods activitiesThere is integration among a few different systems, but there are still significant gaps and manual processesKey systems related to goods movement share data, but there may be some limitations or delaysA single, integrated system manages all aspects of goods movement
Order Fulfilment Performance (Picked, packed, labelled and staged for loading)Order fulfilment processes are highly inefficient and unpredictableOrder fulfilment is slow, inaccurate and unreliable due to predominantly manual processesOrder fulfilment processes are moderately efficient but exhibit inconsistencies and occasional delaysOrder fulfilment processes are generally fast, accurate and reliableOrder fulfilment processes are highly efficient, predictable and seamlessly integrated

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