Table 2 Quantitative comparison of...

Table 2

Quantitative comparison of different PINN loss-balancing strategies

Method	Prediction RMSE	PDE residual RMSE	Coefficient of variation (CV)	Relative training time
Fixed-weight PINN	0.0224	0.0143	0.083	1×
Adaptive-weight PINN	0.0217	0.0112	0.071	1.4×
Proposed GA-PINN	0.0213	0.0087	0.076	2.6×

Method	Prediction RMSE	PDE residual RMSE	Coefficient of variation (CV)	Relative training time
Fixed-weight PINN	0.0224	0.0143	0.083	1×
Adaptive-weight PINN	0.0217	0.0112	0.071	1.4×
Proposed GA-PINN	0.0213	0.0087	0.076	2.6×

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