Table A1 Categorized insights within...

Table A1

Categorized insights within CIMO logic

Case studies	Context				Intervention		Mechanism		Outputs	Affected KPIs	Ref
Case no.	Location	Case type	Fit-out type	Documentation year	Ini. Code	Description	Enablers	10-R strategies	Outputs	Affected KPIs	Ref
1	Australia	Project	All*	2015	Act 1.1**	Auditing waste streams and their destinations as well as reporting waste recovery rate	Waste management guideline and report	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1	BBP (2015)
2	Australia	Project	All	2023	Act 2.1	Allowing sufficient time and staff in make good clause to plan and organise loose furniture, re-use, donation, and recycling	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3	FTD (2023)
					Act 2.2	Creating asset inventories in advance by tenants or their representatives	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3
					Act 2.3#	Offsite storage provisions in lease contracts to ensure sufficient time for dismantling, reselling, donating, and other related activities	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3
					Act 2.4#	Regulations/laws that enforce transparency in waste streams and their destinations, requiring recycling transfer stations to provide documentation verifying the actual recycling of goods, not just receipts	Transparent waste regulation	R8	C	C1
					Act 2.5#	Evaluate potential value returns from sell-back schemes and components' high residual value	New accounting system	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
					Act 2.6#	Defining revenue comes from landfill diversion at products' EoL in companies' accounting system and educating them	New accounting system	R6 to R8	C	C1
					Act 2.7#	Defining non-monetary and social values resulting from donations or social initiatives and recognising them as privileged criteria in tenders or lease contracts	None-monetary/ social value definition	R3	S	S2
					Act 2.8#	Modular carpet tiles allowing for easy reuse in different locations	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
					Act 2.9#	Modular carpet tiles that can be installed without glue, allowing for easy repair and replacement of damaged sections	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
3	Australia	Project	All	2016	Act 3.1	Allowing sufficient time for contractors to remove and dismantle fit-outs properly, enhancing the potential for re-use, donation, and recycling	- Demolition Tenders /contract	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1	BBP (2016)
					Act 3.2	Including requirements in tender documents and clauses in the demolition/strip out contract that stipulate the contractor must use and comply with the Strip-out Guidelines	- Demolition Tenders /contract - Strip-out guidelines	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
					Act 3.3	Targeting a minimum landfill diversion rate for contractors	Demolition Tenders /contract	R8	C	C1
					Act 3.4#	Setting minimum requirements for Marshalling area, especially in commercial buildings	Building design strategy	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
4	UK	Project	Finishes¹	2023	Act 4.1	Integrating HVAC systems in RAF to give access to repair and maintain HVAC, minimising demolition and reducing waste generation	Building design strategy	R4	S	S2	EMF and Arup (2023)
5	Netherland	Project	Finishes Fixtures	2016	Act 5.1	Designing and custom ordering all partitions, ceiling, and floor coverings in a modular, dismantlable form to accommodate future deconstruction, considering the building's potential removal within the next 20 years due to shifting district boundaries	Product design strategy	R3, R5, R6, R8	S, C	S3, C2, C3	Arup (2016)
5	Netherland	Project	Finishes Fixtures	2016	Act 5.2	The valuable raw materials and building elements are taken back by their suppliers and manufacturers after use	Take back business model	R6- R8	C	C1, C2, C3
6	UK	Project	Fixtures²	2016	Act 6.1	Using modular movable sliding partitions making the layout more flexible, allowing the space to be adapted for various purposes – from community outreach/teaching to training/general office use – thereby enhancing the building's overall usage efficiency and reducing resource consumption	Building design strategy	R2	N	N5	Arup (2016)
7	UK	Project	Finishes	2013	Act 7.1	Producing a kitchen worktop from LWARB's stripped out glazed partitioning	Product design strategy	R7	C	C1, C3	EMF and Arup (2023)
7	UK	Project	Finishes	2013	Act 7.2	Making timber flooring to the breakout area from reclaimed woods in another project	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
8	USA	Project	Furniture	2023	Act 8.1	Using Rheaply, a reuse platform connecting organisations (companies, social communities) easing reselling, donating and exchanging the resources	Resource exchange/ resell platforms	R3	S	S2	EMF and Arup (2023)
9	Netherland	Program	Finishes	2016	Act 9.1	Leasing C2C carpets for 5–7 years, removing carpets at the end of the leasing period, taking back, recycling them into new flooring product through recycling facility by manufacturer	- Tack-back business model - C2C certificate	R8	C	C1, C2	EMF (2016)
10	UK	Program	All	2024	Act 10.1	Using a reuse platform connecting corporates to charities and SMEs finding uses for old materials and therefore improving social, economic and environmental impacts	Resource exchange/ resell platforms	R3	S	S2	Globechain (2024)
11	Australia	Program	All	2024	Act 11.1	Leasing and sharing flexible working spaces, through open-plan design, flexible and versatile design, hot desking, increases assets' usage intensity, reducing resource consumptions and waste generation	- co-location business model - IT technology	R1	N	N5, N6	Hub Australia (2024)
12	Australia	Program	Furniture	2024	Act 12.1	Developing the FaaS model, a leasing model by supplier/producer, allowing the customers to benefit from using furniture products whilst retains ownership of, and ultimately responsibility for, those assets to supplier/retailer/producer	Product as a service model	R1, R5	N, S	N4, S3	Living Edge (2024)
13	USA	Policy	Carpets	2017	Act 13.1	Regulation for city departments specifying requirements for carpet procurements to 1) all carpets would be at least C2C Certified Silver, 2) carpet tiles are to be used for ease of replacement and waste avoidance, 3) both the carpet fibres and backing materials must contain maximum amounts of recycled materials and ultimately be recyclable at EoU	- Procurement policy - C2C certificate	R2, R4, R8	N, S, C	N2, S2, C2	EMF (2017)
14	Australia	Project	All	2024	Act 14.1	DfD report in design stage providing information for each product/asset on 1) materials location 2) disassembly method, 3) how to recovery	DfD report	R8	C	C1	Built Australia (2024)
15	Australia	Project	Furniture	2024	Act 15.1	Design meet and connect spaces, including public areas and meeting rooms, to be easily themed for various corporate and private events, achieved by 1) avoiding the integration of short-term aesthetic trends into long-lasting, costly fit-out elements, 2) creating a timeless foundation allowing for lightweight brand updates and aesthetic alterations	Building design strategy	R1, R3	N, S	N5, S2	GBCA (2024)
16	Australia	Project	Finishes⁴ Fixtures⁵, Furniture	2024	Act 16.1	Retain existing fit-out elements by adaptive design	Building design strategy	R3	S	S3	Charter Hall Group (2024)
16	Australia	Project	Finishes⁴ Fixtures⁵, Furniture		Act 16.2	Specifying components and systems that are flexible for use by other occupiers in situ or are durable enough to be transported to other locations, e.g. reusing timber from one floor to make flooring for a connecting stairwell	Building design strategy	R3	S	S2
17	Australia	Policy	Fixtures	2024	Act 17.1	Procuring certain products with a circular lifecycle guarantee allowing for their taking back and recycling at a nominal ex-factory cost at the EoL	- Procurement policy - Circular life-cycle guarantee	R8	C	C2	GBCA (2024)
					Act 17.2	Ensuring suppliers by designers to use responsible materials product by prioritising low-carbon and long-lasting options, easy to disassemble, made from recycled content, locally manufactured, non-hazardous, or certified as eco-friendly as well as materials supporting CE initiatives, such as repair, refurbishment, PaaS, and take-back schemes	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8	N, S, C	N2, S1, C2, C3
					Act 17.3	Requiring suppliers to provide detailed product specifications, including sustainability credentials such as EPDs, ecolabels (e.g. GBCA), and C2C certifications	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R4, R5, R8	N, S, C	N2, S1, C1
18	Australia	Product	Finishes⁶		Act 18.1	Durra Panels made from compressed wheat and rice straw, an agricultural waste by-product, 100% recyclable and biodegradable	Product design strategy	R2	N	N2	GBCA (2024)
18	Australia	Product	Finishes⁶		Act 18.2	Collaborating closely with the design team to select components that have an established end-of-use market and recovery pathway, ensuring they can be reused, easily disassembled, repaired, remanufactured, or recycled once they reach the EoL	- Procurement policy - EPDs	R3, R4, R5, R8	S, C	S2, C2
19	Australia	Product	Fixtures⁷	2024	Act 19.1	Using the system to attach linings and claddings to the frame with easily reversible fixings allowing for quick and clean modifications, reducing changes waste and mess	Building design strategy	R3, R4, R6	S, C	S2, C2, C3	Xfram (2024)
20	Australia	Policy	Furniture, Fittings, and Textures³	2024	Act 20.1	Enforcing requirements for sub-departments within governmental sectors to ensure fit-outs meet criteria: 1) buildings and fit-outs use less materials, minimise waste, can be deconstructed and reused, designed for adaptability and flexibility, 2) durable, repairable, reusable and/or recyclable products, 3) products have been refurbished or existing goods are reused, 4) using products containing recycled content /recycled materials, 5) products are recycled at the EoL, 6) products are returned for resource recovery through a take-back or EoL scheme, 7) products are available for lease, rent or product-as-a-service as an alternative to buying outright	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R5, R6, R8	N, S, C	N1, N3, S2, C2, C3	DCCEEW (2024)
21	France	Project	Fittings⁶	2016	Act 21.1	Using eco-materials for insulation: 1) vegetal made: wood fibre, flax fibre, hemp bricks, expanded cork; 2) animal made: sheep wool; 3) others: loose-filled cellulose, recycled textile, recycled cellular glass	Product design strategy	R2	N	N2	EMF (2016)
22	EU	Program	Fitting, Fixtures	2019	Act 22.1	Developing a BIM model for data management incorporating material passports and reversible building design codes to enhance buildings circularity	Building design strategy	R3, R4, R8	S, C	S2, C1	Durmisevic (2019), Heinrich and Lang (2019)
23	Netherland	Program	Furniture	2021	Act 23.1	producing modular furniture, such as office chairs and tables, with interchangeable components akin to a Lego model, allowing for easier maintenance and upgrades, maximising the conservation of embedded value in products, components, and materials over time	Product design strategy	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3	EMF (2021)
					Act 23.2	Using FaaS model by manufacturer through 1) using QR codes technology on products, along with a new internal database allowing to continually log, store, and track the history of all assets under their ownership; 2) creation of an alternative financing model allowing the business to create a SPV (a separate financial entity called circular interiors) that owns the products. This allows the private furniture company, to free themselves from certain financial constraints, such as the need to generate short-term returns, which can often limit companies from piloting and implementing similar access-over-ownership business models	Product as a service model	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3
					Act 23.3	Implementing the FaaS model alongside investment in reverse logistics infrastructure by piloting a facility in a small area to better understand challenges and optimise operations	Upgrade / Repair infrastructures	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3
Note(s): * All fit-out elements including 1) Finishes (e.g. ceiling covering, wall covering, floor covering), 2) Fixture (e.g. cabinets, counters, ceiling suspension systems, doors, and partition walls, interior glazing), and 3) Furniture (e.g. chairs, cubicles, and tables), ** Act i.j = j th circular initiative of i th case study, #: Demand: Indicate opportunities that, while not yet implemented, are suggested in the report as potential ways to enhance circularity

Case studies	Context				Intervention		Mechanism		Outputs	Affected KPIs	Ref
Case no.	Location	Case type	Fit-out type	Documentation year	Ini. Code	Description	Enablers	10-R strategies	Outputs	Affected KPIs	Ref
1	Australia	Project	All*	2015	Act 1.1**	Auditing waste streams and their destinations as well as reporting waste recovery rate	Waste management guidelineand report	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1	BBP (2015)
2	Australia	Project	All	2023	Act 2.1	Allowing sufficient time and staff in make good clause to plan and organise loose furniture, re-use, donation, and recycling	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3	FTD (2023)
					Act 2.2	Creating asset inventories in advance by tenants or their representatives	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3
					Act 2.3#	Offsite storage provisions in lease contracts to ensure sufficient time for dismantling, reselling, donating, and other related activities	Green lease contract	R3	S	S3
					Act 2.4#	Regulations/laws that enforce transparency in waste streams and their destinations, requiring recycling transfer stations to provide documentation verifying the actual recycling of goods, not just receipts	Transparent waste regulation	R8	C	C1
					Act 2.5#	Evaluate potential value returns from sell-back schemes and components' high residual value	New accounting system	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
					Act 2.6#	Defining revenue comes from landfill diversion at products' EoL in companies' accounting system and educating them	New accounting system	R6 to R8	C	C1
					Act 2.7#	Defining non-monetary and social values resulting from donations or social initiatives and recognising them as privileged criteria in tenders or lease contracts	None-monetary/ social value definition	R3	S	S2
					Act 2.8#	Modular carpet tiles allowing for easy reuse in different locations	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
					Act 2.9#	Modular carpet tiles that can be installed without glue, allowing for easy repair and replacement of damaged sections	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
3	Australia	Project	All	2016	Act 3.1	Allowing sufficient time for contractors to remove and dismantle fit-outs properly, enhancing the potential for re-use, donation, and recycling	- Demolition Tenders /contract	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1	BBP (2016)
					Act 3.2	Including requirements in tender documents and clauses in the demolition/strip out contract that stipulate the contractor must use and comply with the Strip-out Guidelines	- Demolition Tenders /contract- Strip-out guidelines	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
					Act 3.3	Targeting a minimum landfill diversion rate for contractors	Demolition Tenders /contract	R8	C	C1
					Act 3.4#	Setting minimum requirements for Marshalling area, especially in commercial buildings	Building design strategy	R3, R8	S, C	S3, C1
4	UK	Project	Finishes¹	2023	Act 4.1	Integrating HVAC systems in RAF to give access to repair and maintain HVAC, minimising demolition and reducing waste generation	Building design strategy	R4	S	S2	EMF and Arup (2023)
5	Netherland	Project	FinishesFixtures	2016	Act 5.1	Designing and custom ordering all partitions, ceiling, and floor coverings in a modular, dismantlable form to accommodate future deconstruction, considering the building's potential removal within the next 20 years due to shifting district boundaries	Product design strategy	R3, R5, R6, R8	S, C	S3, C2, C3	Arup (2016)
5	Netherland	Project	FinishesFixtures	2016	Act 5.2	The valuable raw materials and building elements are taken back by their suppliers and manufacturers after use	Take back business model	R6- R8	C	C1, C2, C3
6	UK	Project	Fixtures²	2016	Act 6.1	Using modular movable sliding partitions making the layout more flexible, allowing the space to be adapted for various purposes – from community outreach/teaching to training/general office use – thereby enhancing the building's overall usage efficiency and reducing resource consumption	Building design strategy	R2	N	N5	Arup (2016)
7	UK	Project	Finishes	2013	Act 7.1	Producing a kitchen worktop from LWARB's stripped out glazed partitioning	Product design strategy	R7	C	C1, C3	EMF and Arup (2023)
7	UK	Project	Finishes	2013	Act 7.2	Making timber flooring to the breakout area from reclaimed woods in another project	Product design strategy	R3	S	S2
8	USA	Project	Furniture	2023	Act 8.1	Using Rheaply, a reuse platform connecting organisations (companies, social communities) easing reselling, donating and exchanging the resources	Resource exchange/ resell platforms	R3	S	S2	EMF and Arup (2023)
9	Netherland	Program	Finishes	2016	Act 9.1	Leasing C2C carpets for 5–7 years, removing carpets at the end of the leasing period, taking back, recycling them into new flooring product through recycling facility by manufacturer	- Tack-back business model- C2C certificate	R8	C	C1, C2	EMF (2016)
10	UK	Program	All	2024	Act 10.1	Using a reuse platform connecting corporates to charities and SMEs finding uses for old materials and therefore improving social, economic and environmental impacts	Resource exchange/ resell platforms	R3	S	S2	Globechain (2024)
11	Australia	Program	All	2024	Act 11.1	Leasing and sharing flexible working spaces, through open-plan design, flexible and versatile design, hot desking, increases assets' usage intensity, reducing resource consumptions and waste generation	- co-location business model- IT technology	R1	N	N5, N6	Hub Australia (2024)
12	Australia	Program	Furniture	2024	Act 12.1	Developing the FaaS model, a leasing model by supplier/producer, allowing the customers to benefit from using furniture products whilst retains ownership of, and ultimately responsibility for, those assets to supplier/retailer/producer	Product as a service model	R1, R5	N, S	N4, S3	Living Edge (2024)
13	USA	Policy	Carpets	2017	Act 13.1	Regulation for city departments specifying requirements for carpet procurements to 1) all carpets would be at least C2C Certified Silver, 2) carpet tiles are to be used for ease of replacement and waste avoidance, 3) both the carpet fibres and backing materials must contain maximum amounts of recycled materials and ultimately be recyclable at EoU	- Procurement policy- C2C certificate	R2, R4, R8	N, S, C	N2, S2, C2	EMF (2017)
14	Australia	Project	All	2024	Act 14.1	DfD report in design stage providing information for each product/asset on 1) materials location 2) disassembly method, 3) how to recovery	DfD report	R8	C	C1	Built Australia (2024)
15	Australia	Project	Furniture	2024	Act 15.1	Design meet and connect spaces, including public areas and meeting rooms, to be easily themed for various corporate and private events, achieved by 1) avoiding the integration of short-term aesthetic trends into long-lasting, costly fit-out elements, 2) creating a timeless foundation allowing for lightweight brand updates and aesthetic alterations	Building design strategy	R1, R3	N, S	N5, S2	GBCA (2024)
16	Australia	Project	Finishes⁴Fixtures⁵, Furniture	2024	Act 16.1	Retain existing fit-out elements by adaptive design	Building design strategy	R3	S	S3	Charter Hall Group (2024)
16	Australia	Project	Finishes⁴Fixtures⁵, Furniture		Act 16.2	Specifying components and systems that are flexible for use by other occupiers in situ or are durable enough to be transported to other locations, e.g. reusing timber from one floor to make flooring for a connecting stairwell	Building design strategy	R3	S	S2
17	Australia	Policy	Fixtures	2024	Act 17.1	Procuring certain products with a circular lifecycle guarantee allowing for their taking back and recycling at a nominal ex-factory cost at the EoL	- Procurement policy- Circular life-cycle guarantee	R8	C	C2	GBCA (2024)
					Act 17.2	Ensuring suppliers by designers to use responsible materials product by prioritising low-carbon and long-lasting options, easy to disassemble, made from recycled content, locally manufactured, non-hazardous, or certified as eco-friendly as well as materials supporting CE initiatives, such as repair, refurbishment, PaaS, and take-back schemes	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R8	N, S, C	N2, S1, C2, C3
					Act 17.3	Requiring suppliers to provide detailed product specifications, including sustainability credentials such as EPDs, ecolabels (e.g. GBCA), and C2C certifications	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R4, R5, R8	N, S, C	N2, S1, C1
18	Australia	Product	Finishes⁶		Act 18.1	Durra Panels made from compressed wheat and rice straw, an agricultural waste by-product, 100% recyclable and biodegradable	Product design strategy	R2	N	N2	GBCA (2024)
18	Australia	Product	Finishes⁶		Act 18.2	Collaborating closely with the design team to select components that have an established end-of-use market and recovery pathway, ensuring they can be reused, easily disassembled, repaired, remanufactured, or recycled once they reach the EoL	- Procurement policy- EPDs	R3, R4, R5, R8	S, C	S2, C2
19	Australia	Product	Fixtures⁷	2024	Act 19.1	Using the system to attach linings and claddings to the frame with easily reversible fixings allowing for quick and clean modifications, reducing changes waste and mess	Building design strategy	R3, R4, R6	S, C	S2, C2, C3	Xfram (2024)
20	Australia	Policy	Furniture, Fittings, and Textures³	2024	Act 20.1	Enforcing requirements for sub-departments within governmental sectors to ensure fit-outs meet criteria: 1) buildings and fit-outs use less materials, minimise waste, can be deconstructed and reused, designed for adaptability and flexibility, 2) durable, repairable, reusable and/or recyclable products, 3) products have been refurbished or existing goods are reused, 4) using products containing recycled content /recycled materials, 5) products are recycled at the EoL, 6) products are returned for resource recovery through a take-back or EoL scheme, 7) products are available for lease, rent or product-as-a-service as an alternative to buying outright	Procurement policy	R2, R3, R5, R6, R8	N, S, C	N1, N3, S2, C2, C3	DCCEEW (2024)
21	France	Project	Fittings⁶	2016	Act 21.1	Using eco-materials for insulation: 1) vegetal made: wood fibre, flax fibre, hemp bricks, expanded cork; 2) animal made: sheep wool; 3) others: loose-filled cellulose, recycled textile, recycled cellular glass	Product design strategy	R2	N	N2	EMF (2016)
22	EU	Program	Fitting, Fixtures	2019	Act 22.1	Developing a BIM model for data management incorporating material passports and reversible building design codes to enhance buildings circularity	Building design strategy	R3, R4, R8	S, C	S2, C1	Durmisevic (2019), Heinrich and Lang (2019)
23	Netherland	Program	Furniture	2021	Act 23.1	producing modular furniture, such as office chairs and tables, with interchangeable components akin to a Lego model, allowing for easier maintenance and upgrades, maximising the conservation of embedded value in products, components, and materials over time	Product design strategy	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3	EMF (2021)
					Act 23.2	Using FaaS model by manufacturer through 1) using QR codes technology on products, along with a new internal database allowing to continually log, store, and track the history of all assets under their ownership; 2) creation of an alternative financing model allowing the business to create a SPV (a separate financial entity called circular interiors) that owns the products. This allows the private furniture company, to free themselves from certain financial constraints, such as the need to generate short-term returns, which can often limit companies from piloting and implementing similar access-over-ownership business models	Product as a service model	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3
					Act 23.3	Implementing the FaaS model alongside investment in reverse logistics infrastructure by piloting a facility in a small area to better understand challenges and optimise operations	Upgrade / Repair infrastructures	R4, R5, R6	S, C	S3, C3
Note(s): * All fit-out elements including 1) Finishes (e.g. ceiling covering, wall covering, floor covering), 2) Fixture (e.g. cabinets, counters, ceiling suspension systems, doors, and partition walls, interior glazing), and 3) Furniture (e.g. chairs, cubicles, and tables), ** Act i.j = j th circular initiative of i th case study, #: Demand: Indicate opportunities that, while not yet implemented, are suggested in the report as potential ways to enhance circularity

Fit-out elements
1: Floor covering	2: Partition	3: Carpet	4: Floor covering, wall covering	5: Partitions, Joinery
6: Wall and ceiling covering	7: Partitions and cladding
Abbreviations
BAMB: Buildings as Material Banks	BIM: Building Information Modelling	C2C: Cradle-to-Cradle	DfD: Design for Disassembly	EPD: Environmental Product Declarations
FaaS: Furniture-as-a-Service	GCEC: Geelong Convention and Event Centre	GBCA: Green Environmental Council Australia	HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
PaaS: Product-as-a-Service	QR: Quick Response	RAF: Raised Access Floors	SMEs: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
N: Narrowing	S: Slowing	C: Closing	R0: Refuse	R1: Rethink
R2: Reduce	R3: Reuse	R4: Repair	R5: Refurbish	R6: Remanufacture
R7: Repurpose	R8: Recycle	R9: Recover

Fit-out elements
1: Floor covering	2: Partition	3: Carpet	4: Floor covering, wall covering	5: Partitions, Joinery
6: Wall and ceiling covering	7: Partitions and cladding
Abbreviations
BAMB: Buildings as Material Banks	BIM: Building Information Modelling	C2C: Cradle-to-Cradle	DfD: Design for Disassembly	EPD: Environmental Product Declarations
FaaS: Furniture-as-a-Service	GCEC: Geelong Convention and Event Centre	GBCA: Green Environmental Council Australia	HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
PaaS: Product-as-a-Service	QR: Quick Response	RAF: Raised Access Floors	SMEs: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
N: Narrowing	S: Slowing	C: Closing	R0: Refuse	R1: Rethink
R2: Reduce	R3: Reuse	R4: Repair	R5: Refurbish	R6: Remanufacture
R7: Repurpose	R8: Recycle	R9: Recover

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