Table 2. Factors affecting station’s... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Factors affecting station’s performance

Code	Metrics	Factor	Observations
1	Traffic capacity	Land use	The formulation of a well-structured land use is essential to facilitate seamless accessibility for pedestrians, buses and other vehicles approaching the station. The roads adjacent to the bus station experience significant congestion, particularly at entry and exit points, leading to additional delays and disruptions in regular traffic flow.
2	—	Average layover time, insufficient bus circulation area and Queuing	Bus queuing is primarily caused due to random arrival rates and relatively constant departure rates, a condition further worsened by extended layover durations and insufficient bay allocation for specific routes. The minimum clearance between two buses is significantly reduced, contributing to congestion and operational inefficiencies. Moreover, during peak hours, the sharp increase in arrival rates for particular routes results in prolonged queuing and extended passenger waiting times.
3	—	Demand analysis / Service frequency / Traffic forecasting / Bay inadequacy	The frequency of both city and long-route bus services should be accurately identified and forecasted during the planning stage to ensure the provision of an adequate number of bays. Inadequate bay allocation results in extended service times and operational delays.
4	Space requirements and location of functional attributes	Area distribution and Passengers movement	Absence of specific area distribution such as site area, open area and at-grade parking leads to poor land use and passenger movement regulation is not in a regulated way, i.e. poor pedestrian traffic management
5	—	Poor traffic management / Station entry or exit	The lack of essential traffic regulations such as designated pedestrian pathways and separate lanes for buses and other vehicles contribute to ineffective traffic management within and around bus terminals. Furthermore, poorly designed terminal entry and exit points result in congestion and blockages on adjacent roads, further disrupting the overall traffic flow.
6	—	Conflicts (passengers-vehicles)	Passenger movement within the bus circulation area often leads to conflicts between pedestrians and moving buses.
7	Space restrictions for bus bay operations	Absence of ITS	Intelligent transportation system technologies such as passenger guidance systems, vehicle guidance systems, traffic management systems, real-time bus information displays and standardised operating procedures for bus stations are largely absent in the current context.
8	—	Optimisation of bus bays	To prevent bus bunching and streamline loading, unloading and shunting operations, advanced information systems such as SMS alerts for drivers and real-time display boards should be implemented for better coordination and operational efficiency.
9	—	Absence of separate bay operations for passenger loading /unloading and bus shunting (ideal) activities	Unlike USA and UK, Indian bus stations often lack designated areas for passenger unloading, bus loading, and shunting operations. Instead, these activities are typically carried out in a common space, leading to frequent reverse movements of buses, operational blockages and an increased risk of minor accidents, often attributed to limited manoeuvring space and driver negligence.
10	Passenger traffic	Access constraints of passenger amenities (Sedaya and Sulandari, 2019; Doddi et al., 2024)	Passenger facilities should be systematically organised to ensure a continuous and regulated flow of movement within the terminal. The improper placement or dislocation of these facilities often leads to uncoordinated and uncontrolled passenger movement. To enhance accessibility and operational efficiency, such facilities must be strategically located in close proximity to the bus layover locations.
11	—	Platform and access area, passenger handling capacity (Angadi et al., 2024)	The spatial design of platforms involves key considerations such as the arrangement of bus bays, capacity to handle peak passenger volume, provision for bus layover and dedicated facilities for drivers.
12	Absence of feeder service facilities	Kiss-n-Ride sharing, city bus station, taxi stand, auto stand and parking	The absence of dedicated feeder service often results in unorganised passenger drop-off and pick-up within the terminal area, leading to delays in bus operations. Furthermore, several terminals lack designated parking areas for passenger vehicles due to space constraints. In some cases, both terminal operators and passengers are forced to share the same limited parking space, further contributing to congestion and operational inefficiencies.

Code	Metrics	Factor	Observations
1	Traffic capacity	Land use	The formulation of a well-structured land use is essential to facilitate seamless accessibility for pedestrians, buses and other vehicles approaching the station. The roads adjacent to the bus station experience significant congestion, particularly at entry and exit points, leading to additional delays and disruptions in regular traffic flow.
2	—	Average layover time, insufficient bus circulation area and Queuing	Bus queuing is primarily caused due to random arrival rates and relatively constant departure rates, a condition further worsened by extended layover durations and insufficient bay allocation for specific routes. The minimum clearance between two buses is significantly reduced, contributing to congestion and operational inefficiencies. Moreover, during peak hours, the sharp increase in arrival rates for particular routes results in prolonged queuing and extended passenger waiting times.
3	—	Demand analysis / Service frequency / Traffic forecasting / Bay inadequacy	The frequency of both city and long-route bus services should be accurately identified and forecasted during the planning stage to ensure the provision of an adequate number of bays. Inadequate bay allocation results in extended service times and operational delays.
4	Space requirements and location of functional attributes	Area distribution and Passengers movement	Absence of specific area distribution such as site area, open area and at-grade parking leads to poor land use and passenger movement regulation is not in a regulated way, i.e. poor pedestrian traffic management
5	—	Poor traffic management / Station entry or exit	The lack of essential traffic regulations such as designated pedestrian pathways and separate lanes for buses and other vehicles contribute to ineffective traffic management within and around bus terminals. Furthermore, poorly designed terminal entry and exit points result in congestion and blockages on adjacent roads, further disrupting the overall traffic flow.
6	—	Conflicts (passengers-vehicles)	Passenger movement within the bus circulation area often leads to conflicts between pedestrians and moving buses.
7	Space restrictions for bus bay operations	Absence of ITS	Intelligent transportation system technologies such as passenger guidance systems, vehicle guidance systems, traffic management systems, real-time bus information displays and standardised operating procedures for bus stations are largely absent in the current context.
8	—	Optimisation of bus bays	To prevent bus bunching and streamline loading, unloading and shunting operations, advanced information systems such as SMS alerts for drivers and real-time display boards should be implemented for better coordination and operational efficiency.
9	—	Absence of separate bay operations for passenger loading /unloading and bus shunting (ideal) activities	Unlike USA and UK, Indian bus stations often lack designated areas for passenger unloading, bus loading, and shunting operations. Instead, these activities are typically carried out in a common space, leading to frequent reverse movements of buses, operational blockages and an increased risk of minor accidents, often attributed to limited manoeuvring space and driver negligence.
10	Passenger traffic	Access constraints of passenger amenities (Sedaya and Sulandari, 2019; Doddi et al., 2024)	Passenger facilities should be systematically organised to ensure a continuous and regulated flow of movement within the terminal. The improper placement or dislocation of these facilities often leads to uncoordinated and uncontrolled passenger movement. To enhance accessibility and operational efficiency, such facilities must be strategically located in close proximity to the bus layover locations.
11	—	Platform and access area, passenger handling capacity (Angadi et al., 2024)	The spatial design of platforms involves key considerations such as the arrangement of bus bays, capacity to handle peak passenger volume, provision for bus layover and dedicated facilities for drivers.
12	Absence of feeder service facilities	Kiss-n-Ride sharing, city bus station, taxi stand, auto stand and parking	The absence of dedicated feeder service often results in unorganised passenger drop-off and pick-up within the terminal area, leading to delays in bus operations. Furthermore, several terminals lack designated parking areas for passenger vehicles due to space constraints. In some cases, both terminal operators and passengers are forced to share the same limited parking space, further contributing to congestion and operational inefficiencies.