Table 1 Descriptive statistics Whole...

Table 1

Descriptive statistics

	Whole	Male	Female
ECD index (1/0)	0.76	0.73	0.79
ECD index 24–35 (1/0)*	0.77	0.75	0.79
ECD index 36–47 (1/0)**	0.88	0.76	0.81
ECD index 48–59 (1/0)***	0.73	0.69	0.77
Number of ECD milestones achieved (0/20)	13.80	13.51	14.11
Number of health ECD milestones achieved (0/4)	2.87	2.81	2.93
Number of learning ECD milestones achieved (0/11)	8.09	7.93	8.25
Number of psychosocial ECD milestones achieved (0/5)	3.63	3.59	3.68
ECD index (0–1)****	0.69	0.67	0.70
ECD health index (0–1)****	0.71	0.70	0.73
ECD learning index (0–1)****	0.73	0.72	0.75
ECD psychosocial index (0–1)****	0.72	0.72	0.74
Has tv (1/0)	0.98	0.97	0.98
Has mobile phone (1/0)	0.94	0.94	0.93
Use of internet (1/0)	0.81	0.81	0.81
Use mobile telephone for financial transactions (1/0)	0.09	0.10	0.08
Has an account in a bank or other financial institution (1/0)	0.11	0.12	0.11
Has refrigerator (1/0)	0.97	0.97	0.97
Cooks with gas or electric (1/0)	0.95	0.95	0.95
Has car (1/0)	0.44	0.43	0.45
Has house (1/0)	0.05	0.06	0.05
Has land (1/0)	0.04	0.05	0.03
Has improved toilet flush to piped sewer (1/0)	0.59	0.60	0.57
Water drinking source in dwelling or yard (1/0)	0.52	0.53	0.52
At least two finished construction materials (1/0)	0.83	0.83	0.83
House environment and assets (HEA) index binary (1/0)*****	0.79	0.79	0.79
House environment and assets (HEA) (1–13)	7.48	7.51	7.44
House environment and assets (HEA) index (0–1) ****	0.57	0.57	0.57
Female	0.50	–	–
Age in months	42.67	42.74	42.58
Mother's years of education	11.18	11.17	11.19
Father's years of education	10.53	10.60	10.46
Mother's age	31.89	32.00	31.78
Household wealth quantile	2.27	2.27	2.27
Bottom 20%	0.38	0.38	0.38
2nd 20%	0.24	0.24	0.23
3rd 20%	0.18	0.17	0.19
4th 20%	0.14	0.15	0.14
Top 20%	0.06	0.06	0.06
Birth order	1.51	1.49	1.54
Number of children under five	1.85	1.82	1.87
Household size	6.00	6.01	5.99
Rural Residence	0.18	0.17	0.19
Mother's work	0.10	0.10	0.10
# of Observations	3,346	1,682	1,664

	Whole	Male	Female
ECD index (1/0)	0.76	0.73	0.79
ECD index 24–35 (1/0)*	0.77	0.75	0.79
ECD index 36–47 (1/0)**	0.88	0.76	0.81
ECD index 48–59 (1/0)***	0.73	0.69	0.77
Number of ECD milestones achieved (0/20)	13.80	13.51	14.11
Number of health ECD milestones achieved (0/4)	2.87	2.81	2.93
Number of learning ECD milestones achieved (0/11)	8.09	7.93	8.25
Number of psychosocial ECD milestones achieved (0/5)	3.63	3.59	3.68
ECD index (0–1)****	0.69	0.67	0.70
ECD health index (0–1)****	0.71	0.70	0.73
ECD learning index (0–1)****	0.73	0.72	0.75
ECD psychosocial index (0–1)****	0.72	0.72	0.74
Has tv (1/0)	0.98	0.97	0.98
Has mobile phone (1/0)	0.94	0.94	0.93
Use of internet (1/0)	0.81	0.81	0.81
Use mobile telephone for financial transactions (1/0)	0.09	0.10	0.08
Has an account in a bank or other financial institution (1/0)	0.11	0.12	0.11
Has refrigerator (1/0)	0.97	0.97	0.97
Cooks with gas or electric (1/0)	0.95	0.95	0.95
Has car (1/0)	0.44	0.43	0.45
Has house (1/0)	0.05	0.06	0.05
Has land (1/0)	0.04	0.05	0.03
Has improved toilet flush to piped sewer (1/0)	0.59	0.60	0.57
Water drinking source in dwelling or yard (1/0)	0.52	0.53	0.52
At least two finished construction materials (1/0)	0.83	0.83	0.83
House environment and assets (HEA) index binary (1/0)*****	0.79	0.79	0.79
House environment and assets (HEA) (1–13)	7.48	7.51	7.44
House environment and assets (HEA) index (0–1) ****	0.57	0.57	0.57
Female	0.50	–	–
Age in months	42.67	42.74	42.58
Mother's years of education	11.18	11.17	11.19
Father's years of education	10.53	10.60	10.46
Mother's age	31.89	32.00	31.78
Household wealth quantile	2.27	2.27	2.27
Bottom 20%	0.38	0.38	0.38
2nd 20%	0.24	0.24	0.23
3rd 20%	0.18	0.17	0.19
4th 20%	0.14	0.15	0.14
Top 20%	0.06	0.06	0.06
Birth order	1.51	1.49	1.54
Number of children under five	1.85	1.82	1.87
Household size	6.00	6.01	5.99
Rural Residence	0.18	0.17	0.19
Mother's work	0.10	0.10	0.10
# of Observations	3,346	1,682	1,664

Note(s): Author's calculations using data from the 2023 JPFHS. *The total number of observations for the ECD index among children aged 24–35 months is 935; **1,157 for children aged 36–47 months; and ***1,254 for children aged 48–59 months ****the index was normalised to a 0–1 scale using the min–max transformation (x−min)/(max−min) where 0 represents the lowest observed score and 1 represents the highest.***** The HEA index represents our primary explanatory variable, which is set equal to one if the household meets all conditions, zero if it meets none

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