Correlation matrix
| VIFs | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_DISC (1) | 1.000 | |||||||||
| CASH_HOLD (2) | 1.59 | −0.079*** | ||||||||
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER (3) | 2.61 | 0.522*** | 0.522*** | 1.000 | ||||||
| ROA (4) | 1.18 | 0.036*** | 0.151*** | 0.148*** | 1.000 | |||||
| LEV (5) | 1.23 | 0.062*** | −0.261*** | 0.045*** | −0.325*** | 1.000 | ||||
| SIZE (6) | 2.05 | 0.683*** | −0.192*** | 0.343*** | −0.107*** | 0.224*** | 1.000 | |||
| BOARD_IND (7) | 2.03 | 0.585*** | −0.145*** | 0.677*** | 0.141*** | 0.025*** | 0.392*** | 1.000 | ||
| BOARD_SIZE (8) | 2.50 | 0.745*** | −0.119*** | 0.499*** | 0.028*** | 0.084*** | 0.652*** | 0.528*** | 1.000 | |
| BOARD_MEET (9) | 1.45 | 0.603*** | −0.112*** | 0.466*** | 0.012 | 0.028*** | 0.411*** | 0.580*** | 0.531*** | 1.000 |
| CEODUALITY (10) | 1.28 | 0.374*** | −0.015* | 0.225*** | 0.054*** | 0.007 | 0.330*** | 0.332*** | 0.393*** | 0.272*** |
| CSR_COMMIT (11) | 1.72 | 0.764*** | −0.102*** | 0.372*** | −0.031*** | 0.067*** | 0.524*** | 0.447*** | 0.564*** | 0.483*** |
| BASIC MATERIALS (12) | 1.67 | −0.042*** | −0.050*** | −0.078*** | −0.074*** | 0.021** | −0.078*** | −0.052*** | −0.088*** | −0.060*** |
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL (13) | 1.74 | 0.016* | −0.002 | 0.022** | 0.062*** | −0.062*** | −0.035*** | 0.016* | 0.003 | 0.016* |
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL (14) | 1.57 | −0.059*** | −0.020* | −0.016* | 0.035*** | 0.015* | −0.112*** | −0.083*** | −0.079*** | −0.086*** |
| ENERGY (15) | 1.41 | −0.083*** | −0.073*** | −0.041*** | −0.037*** | −0.009 | 0.013 | 0.035*** | −0.051*** | −0.016 |
| HEALTHCARE (16) | 1.47 | −0.051*** | 0.080*** | 0.056*** | 0.096*** | −0.035*** | −0.081*** | 0.037*** | −0.051*** | 0.021** |
| INDUSTRIALS (17) | 1.83 | 0.133*** | 0.035*** | 0.028*** | −0.058*** | 0.076*** | 0.150*** | 0.042*** | 0.185*** | 0.078*** |
| TECHNOLOGY (18) | 1.57 | −0.010*** | 0.210*** | −0.036*** | 0.074*** | −0.197*** | −0.071*** | −0.024** | −0.067*** | −0.029*** |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES (19) | 1.16 | 0.025** | −0.064*** | 0.029*** | −0.080*** | 0.073*** | 0.122*** | 0.023* | 0.055*** | 0.042*** |
| UTILITIES (20) | 1.40 | 0.055*** | −0.178*** | 0.067*** | −0.092*** | 0.168*** | 0.168*** | 0.030*** | 0.101*** | 0.056**** |
| VIFs | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_DISC (1) | 1.000 | |||||||||
| CASH_HOLD (2) | 1.59 | −0.079*** | ||||||||
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER (3) | 2.61 | 0.522*** | 0.522*** | 1.000 | ||||||
| ROA (4) | 1.18 | 0.036*** | 0.151*** | 0.148*** | 1.000 | |||||
| LEV (5) | 1.23 | 0.062*** | −0.261*** | 0.045*** | −0.325*** | 1.000 | ||||
| SIZE (6) | 2.05 | 0.683*** | −0.192*** | 0.343*** | −0.107*** | 0.224*** | 1.000 | |||
| BOARD_IND (7) | 2.03 | 0.585*** | −0.145*** | 0.677*** | 0.141*** | 0.025*** | 0.392*** | 1.000 | ||
| BOARD_SIZE (8) | 2.50 | 0.745*** | −0.119*** | 0.499*** | 0.028*** | 0.084*** | 0.652*** | 0.528*** | 1.000 | |
| BOARD_MEET (9) | 1.45 | 0.603*** | −0.112*** | 0.466*** | 0.012 | 0.028*** | 0.411*** | 0.580*** | 0.531*** | 1.000 |
| CEODUALITY (10) | 1.28 | 0.374*** | −0.015* | 0.225*** | 0.054*** | 0.007 | 0.330*** | 0.332*** | 0.393*** | 0.272*** |
| CSR_COMMIT (11) | 1.72 | 0.764*** | −0.102*** | 0.372*** | −0.031*** | 0.067*** | 0.524*** | 0.447*** | 0.564*** | 0.483*** |
| BASIC MATERIALS (12) | 1.67 | −0.042*** | −0.050*** | −0.078*** | −0.074*** | 0.021** | −0.078*** | −0.052*** | −0.088*** | −0.060*** |
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL (13) | 1.74 | 0.016* | −0.002 | 0.022** | 0.062*** | −0.062*** | −0.035*** | 0.016* | 0.003 | 0.016* |
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL (14) | 1.57 | −0.059*** | −0.020* | −0.016* | 0.035*** | 0.015* | −0.112*** | −0.083*** | −0.079*** | −0.086*** |
| ENERGY (15) | 1.41 | −0.083*** | −0.073*** | −0.041*** | −0.037*** | −0.009 | 0.013 | 0.035*** | −0.051*** | −0.016 |
| HEALTHCARE (16) | 1.47 | −0.051*** | 0.080*** | 0.056*** | 0.096*** | −0.035*** | −0.081*** | 0.037*** | −0.051*** | 0.021** |
| INDUSTRIALS (17) | 1.83 | 0.133*** | 0.035*** | 0.028*** | −0.058*** | 0.076*** | 0.150*** | 0.042*** | 0.185*** | 0.078*** |
| TECHNOLOGY (18) | 1.57 | −0.010*** | 0.210*** | −0.036*** | 0.074*** | −0.197*** | −0.071*** | −0.024** | −0.067*** | −0.029*** |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES (19) | 1.16 | 0.025** | −0.064*** | 0.029*** | −0.080*** | 0.073*** | 0.122*** | 0.023* | 0.055*** | 0.042*** |
| UTILITIES (20) | 1.40 | 0.055*** | −0.178*** | 0.067*** | −0.092*** | 0.168*** | 0.168*** | 0.030*** | 0.101*** | 0.056**** |
| (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_DISC (1) | ||||||||||
| CASH_HOLD (2) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER (3) | ||||||||||
| ROA (4) | ||||||||||
| LEV (5) | ||||||||||
| SIZE (6) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_IND (7) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_SIZE (8) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_MEET (9) | ||||||||||
| CEODUALITY (10) | 1.000 | |||||||||
| CSR_COMMIT (11) | 0.267*** | 1.000 | ||||||||
| BASIC MATERIALS (12) | −0.069*** | 0.007 | 1.000 | |||||||
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL (13) | 0.034*** | −0.008 | −0.195 | 1.000 | ||||||
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL (14) | −0.044*** | −0.067*** | −0.162*** | −0.167*** | 1.000 | |||||
| ENERGY (15) | −0.032*** | −0.014 | −0.130*** | −0.134*** | −0.111*** | 1.000 | ||||
| HEALTHCARE (16) | 0.015* | −0.056*** | −0.136*** | −0.140*** | −0.117*** | −0.093*** | 1.000 | |||
| INDUSTRIALS (17) | 0.068*** | 0.102*** | −0.206*** | −0.212*** | −0.176*** | −0.141*** | −0.148*** | 1.000 | ||
| TECHNOLOGY (18) | 0.039*** | −0.053*** | −0.149*** | −0.153*** | −0.127*** | −0.102*** | −0.107*** | −0.161*** | 1.000 | |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES (19) | −0.009 | 0.020** | −0.070*** | −0.072*** | −0.060*** | −0.048*** | −0.050*** | −0.076*** | −0.055*** | 1.000 |
| UTILITIES (20) | −0.023* | 0.064*** | −0.118*** | −0.121*** | −0.101*** | −0.081*** | −0.084*** | −0.128*** | −0.092*** | −0.043*** |
| (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_DISC (1) | ||||||||||
| CASH_HOLD (2) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER (3) | ||||||||||
| ROA (4) | ||||||||||
| LEV (5) | ||||||||||
| SIZE (6) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_IND (7) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_SIZE (8) | ||||||||||
| BOARD_MEET (9) | ||||||||||
| CEODUALITY (10) | 1.000 | |||||||||
| CSR_COMMIT (11) | 0.267*** | 1.000 | ||||||||
| BASIC MATERIALS (12) | −0.069*** | 0.007 | 1.000 | |||||||
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL (13) | 0.034*** | −0.008 | −0.195 | 1.000 | ||||||
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL (14) | −0.044*** | −0.067*** | −0.162*** | −0.167*** | 1.000 | |||||
| ENERGY (15) | −0.032*** | −0.014 | −0.130*** | −0.134*** | −0.111*** | 1.000 | ||||
| HEALTHCARE (16) | 0.015* | −0.056*** | −0.136*** | −0.140*** | −0.117*** | −0.093*** | 1.000 | |||
| INDUSTRIALS (17) | 0.068*** | 0.102*** | −0.206*** | −0.212*** | −0.176*** | −0.141*** | −0.148*** | 1.000 | ||
| TECHNOLOGY (18) | 0.039*** | −0.053*** | −0.149*** | −0.153*** | −0.127*** | −0.102*** | −0.107*** | −0.161*** | 1.000 | |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES (19) | −0.009 | 0.020** | −0.070*** | −0.072*** | −0.060*** | −0.048*** | −0.050*** | −0.076*** | −0.055*** | 1.000 |
| UTILITIES (20) | −0.023* | 0.064*** | −0.118*** | −0.121*** | −0.101*** | −0.081*** | −0.084*** | −0.128*** | −0.092*** | −0.043*** |
Note(s): Matrix Correlations. CSR_DISC is the ratio between the aggregation of 123 items concerning social and environmental issues and the total items (123); CASH_HOLD is the ratio between the ratio of cash and cash equivalents divided by total assets; BOARD_GEN_DIVER is the ratio between the total number of female directors on board divided by the total number of board directors; ROA is the proportion of operate income before interests and taxes over total assets; LEV is the ratio calculated as the ratio of total debt to total assets; SIZE is the logarithm of total assets; BOARD_IND is the proportion of independent directors on boards; BOARD_SIZE is the number of directors on corporate boards; BOARD_MEET is the number of meetings held by boards a year; CEODUALITY is the dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the same person serves simultaneously as CEO and President of the board and 0, otherwise; CSR_COMMIT is the dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the company has a CSR committee, and 0 otherwise; Basic Materials if the company operates in Basic Materials sector and 0, otherwise; Consumer Cyclical if the company operates in Consumer Cyclical sector and 0, otherwise; Consumer Non-Cyclical if the company operates in Consumer Non-Cyclical sector and 0, otherwise; Energy if the company operates in Energy sector and 0, otherwise; Healthcare if the company operates in Healthcare sector and 0, otherwise; Industrials if the company operates in Industrials sector and 0, otherwise; Technology if the company operates in Technology sector and 0, otherwise; Telecommunication Services if the company operates in Telecommunication Services sector and 0, otherwise; Utilities if the company operates in Utilities sector and 0, otherwise. *p-value < 0.1 **p-value < 0.05 ***p-value < 0.01
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