Multivariate analysis results of the generalised method of moments
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Coef. | Coef. | |
| CSR_DISC(t−1) | 0.176*** (0.005) | 0.234*** (0.000) |
| CASH_HOLD | 0.078*** (0.000) | 0.090*** (0.000) |
| ROA | 0.002* (0.061) | 0.001 (0.224) |
| LEV | −0.057 (0.522) | 0.057 (0.361) |
| SIZE | 0.004 (0.580) | −0.004 (0.432) |
| BOARD_IND | 0.010** (0.010) | 0.000 (0.796) |
| BOARD_SIZE | 0.015*** (0.000) | 0.021*** (0.000) |
| BOARD_MEET | −0.007*** (0.003) | −0.004** (0.032) |
| CEODUALITY | 0.027 (0.396) | −0.014** (0.036) |
| CSR_COMMIT | 0.180*** (0.000) | 0.176*** (0.000) |
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL | −0.120 (0.103) | −0143** (0.013) |
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL | 0.006 (0.950) | −0.081 (0.200) |
| ENERGY | −0.128 (0.136) | −0.058 (0.439) |
| HEALTHCARE | −0.076 (0.502) | −0.178*** (0.004) |
| INDUSTRIALS | 0.038 (0.601) | −0.125** (0.015) |
| TECHNOLOGY | 0.022 (0.770) | 0.037 (0.533) |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES | −0.016 (0.939) | −0.111 (0.415) |
| UTILITIES | −0.183 (0.161) | −0.226*** (0.002) |
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER | 0.005 (0.276) | |
| CASH_HOLD x BOARD_GEN_DIVER | −0.003*** (0.004) | |
| Year effects | Yes | Yes |
| Wald χ2 test | 4.233′02*** | 4.066′20*** |
| Arellano−–Bond test AR(1) (z, p>|z|) | −5.94 (0.000) | −8.32 (0.008) |
| Arellano−–Bond test AR(2) (z, p>|z|) | −1.27 (0.204) | −1.13 (0.259) |
| Hansen test (chi−square, p>|χ2|) | 15.50 (0.488) | 27.66 (0.770) |
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Coef. | Coef. | |
| CSR_DISC( | 0.176*** (0.005) | 0.234*** (0.000) |
| CASH_HOLD | 0.078*** (0.000) | 0.090*** (0.000) |
| ROA | 0.002* (0.061) | 0.001 (0.224) |
| LEV | −0.057 (0.522) | 0.057 (0.361) |
| SIZE | 0.004 (0.580) | −0.004 (0.432) |
| BOARD_IND | 0.010** (0.010) | 0.000 (0.796) |
| BOARD_SIZE | 0.015*** (0.000) | 0.021*** (0.000) |
| BOARD_MEET | −0.007*** (0.003) | −0.004** (0.032) |
| CEODUALITY | 0.027 (0.396) | −0.014** (0.036) |
| CSR_COMMIT | 0.180*** (0.000) | 0.176*** (0.000) |
| CONSUMER CYCLICAL | −0.120 (0.103) | −0143** (0.013) |
| CONSUMER NON-CYCLICAL | 0.006 (0.950) | −0.081 (0.200) |
| ENERGY | −0.128 (0.136) | −0.058 (0.439) |
| HEALTHCARE | −0.076 (0.502) | −0.178*** (0.004) |
| INDUSTRIALS | 0.038 (0.601) | −0.125** (0.015) |
| TECHNOLOGY | 0.022 (0.770) | 0.037 (0.533) |
| TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES | −0.016 (0.939) | −0.111 (0.415) |
| UTILITIES | −0.183 (0.161) | −0.226*** (0.002) |
| BOARD_GEN_DIVER | 0.005 (0.276) | |
| CASH_HOLD x BOARD_GEN_DIVER | −0.003*** (0.004) | |
| Yes | Yes | |
| 4.233′02*** | 4.066′20*** | |
| −5.94 (0.000) | −8.32 (0.008) | |
| −1.27 (0.204) | −1.13 (0.259) | |
| 15.50 (0.488) | 27.66 (0.770) |
Note(s): Multivariate analysis results of the Generalised Method of Moments. CSR_DISC is the ratio between the aggregation of 123 items concerning social and environmental issues and the total items (123); CASH_HOLD is the ratio between the ratio of cash and cash equivalents divided by total assets; BOARD_GEN_DIVER is the ratio between the total number of female directors on the board divided by the total number of board directors; ROA is the proportion of operate income before interests and taxes over total assets; LEV is the ratio calculated as the ratio of total debt to total assets; SIZE is the logarithm of total assets; BOARD_IND is the proportion of independent directors on boards; BOARD_SIZE is the number of directors on corporate boards; BOARD_MEET is the number of meetings held by boards a year; CEODUALITY is the dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the same person serves simultaneously as CEO and President of the board and 0, otherwise; CSR_COMMIT is the dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the company has a CSR committee, and 0 otherwise; Basic Materials if the company operates in Basic Materials sector and 0, otherwise; Consumer Cyclical if the company operates in Consumer Cyclical sector and 0, otherwise; Consumer Non-Cyclical if the company operates in Consumer Non-Cyclical sector and 0, otherwise; Energy if the company operates in Energy sector and 0, otherwise; Healthcare if the company operates in Healthcare sector and 0, otherwise; Industrials if the company operates in Industrials sector and 0, otherwise; Technology if the company operates in Technology sector and 0, otherwise; Telecommunication Services if the company operates in Telecommunication Services sector and 0, otherwise; Utilities if the company operates in Utilities sector and 0, otherwise. *p-value < 0.1 **p-value < 0.05 ***p-value < 0.01
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