Table 2

Conceptual mapping of thematic dimensions

ThemeDescriptionKey focusRepresentative studies
AI literacy and digital leadership competenciesData literacy, and digital skills among school leadersData-informed decision-making, digital competenceAlkan et al. (2025)
Bellibaş et al. (2025), Ayasrah and Almulla (2026) 
AI as a tool for decision-making and administrative effectivenessUse of AI to enhance leadership practices and organizational efficiencyData analysis, planning, resource management, administrative tasksAdams and Thompson (2025), Göçen and Döğer (2025), Anysiadou and Gkliati (2025), Kafa (2025b) 
Ethics, transparency, and responsible AI useEthical implications of AI integration in school leadershipBias, data privacy, transparency, fairness, accountabilityPolat et al. (2025), Ho (2025), Renta-Davids et al. (2025), DeMatthews et al. (2026) 
Continuous professional developmentOngoing training and capacity building for AI integrationReskilling, upskilling, adaptive learning ecosystemsSposato (2024), Sposato and Dittmar (2025), Richardson et al. (2025), Fusarelli and Fusarelli (2024) 
Organizational readiness and cultureSchool-level conditions enabling AI adoptionInfrastructure, strategy, collaboration, innovation cultureWollscheid et al. (2024), Tyson and Sauers (2021), Kafa (2025a), Dogan and Arslan (2025) 
Human–AI leadership symbiosisRelationship between human leadership and AI systemsComplementarity, human judgment, leadership transformationFullan et al. (2024), Karakose (2024), Arar et al. (2025), Quaquebeke and Gerpott (2023) 
Policy, governance, and AI ecosystemSystem-level conditions shaping AI integrationPolicy frameworks, governance, infrastructure, partnershipsHo (2025), Polat et al. (2025), Kim and Wargo (2025) 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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