Table 1.

Summarises these limitations and reinforces the need for an integrated IoT-enabled PdM framework that connects system condition, maintenance decision-making, and sustainability performance

Tool categoryPrimary focusKey strengthsLimitations for PdM
BEATs (LEED, BREEAM, green star, CASBEE)Environmental and energy performanceBenchmarking, certification, sustainability indicatorsLimited maintenance focus; no real-time monitoring or predictive analytics
MATs (FCA, BMI, maintenance audits)Asset condition and maintenance planningCondition assessment, prioritisation of interventionsNo IoT integration; weak linkage to energy and sustainability outcomes
Proposed IoT-based PdM frameworkPredictive maintenance integrated with energy and sustainabilityPhased, data-driven, workflow-alignedRequires future implementation and performance testing
Source(s): Author’s own work

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