Table 1. Measurement items and sources...

Table 1.

Measurement items and sources

Construct	Item code	Item statement	Source
Process benefits	PROC1	Manufacturing processes are becoming more efficient through automation and smart systems	Antony et al. (2023); Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	PROC2	Predictive quality tools help minimise defects and rework	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022; Ghobakhloo et al. (2024)
	PROC3	Real-time data improves decision-making and responsiveness	Adel (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROC4	Integration of Industry 5.0 technologies enhances operational resilience	Frick and Grudowski (2023); Kovari (2024)
	PROC5	Advanced robotics and AI reduce downtime and process variability	Ghobakhloo et al., 2024; Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PROC6	Human–machine collaboration improves workflow efficiency	Leng et al. (2022); Liu et al. (2024); Bonamigo et al. (2025)
	PROC7	Digital twin simulations optimize plant operations	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROC8	Smart maintenance strategies extend equipment lifecycle	Maganga and Taifa (2023); Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024)
People benefits	PEO1	Employee well-being is prioritised through human-centric practices	Frick and Grudowski (2023); Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Sann, Pimpohnsakun and Booncharoen (2024)
	PEO2	Workers are empowered with upskilling and reskilling opportunities	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a)
	PEO3	Collaboration between humans and machines increases job satisfaction	Dijkstra (2023); Frick and Grudowski (2023); Martini, Bellisario and Coletti (2024)
	PEO4	Inclusive practices enhance workforce diversity and equity	Ziatdinov, Atteraya and Nabiyev (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a, 2025b)
	PEO5	Industry 5.0 fosters safer working conditions	Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Kovari (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PEO6	Knowledge sharing and teamwork are strengthened across the organization	Maganga and Taifa (2023); Beltran-Salomon et al. (2025)
	PEO7	Customized employee development programs	Sukdeo and Mothilall (2023); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)
	PEO8	Employee creativity and innovation are encouraged by problem-solving	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Mentzas et al. (2024)
Planet benefits	PLAN1	Sustainable practices are integrated into production processes	Adel (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Mohammadian, Pishdar and Matin (2025)
	PLAN2	Active reduction of carbon emissions in operations	Narkhede et al. (2024); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PLAN3	Energy-efficient technologies lower environmental impact	Adel (2022); Leng et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2023)
	PLAN4	Circular economic principles are applied in product and process design	Mentzas et al. (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PLAN5	Waste reduction and recycling are prioritised in production	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022); Kovari (2024)
	PLAN6	Compliance with environmental and sustainability regulations	Bui et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2023, 2024)
	PLAN7	Green innovation supports environmentally friendly product development	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PLAN8	Industry 5.0 improves alignment with national and global sustainability goals	Gamberini and Pluchino (2024); Li et al. (2025)
Profit/economic benefits	PROF1	Industry 5.0 adoption enhances organisational competitiveness	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROF2	Smart technologies reduce production costs	Bui et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)
	PROF3	Improved efficiency leads to higher productivity	Adel (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROF4	Enhanced product quality strengthens market position	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROF5	Customer satisfaction improves due to higher value delivery	Bui et al. (2022); Mohammadian, Pishdar and Matin (2025)
	PROF6	Digital transformation supports long-term profitability	Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PROF7	Adoption of Industry 5.0 opens opportunities for new revenue streams	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Kovari (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a)
	PROF8	Supply chain efficiency reduces economic vulnerability	Mentzas et al. (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROF9	Financial performance improves through sustainable innovation	Bui et al. (2022); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PROF10	Resilience to economic shocks is strengthened by Industry 5.0 practices	Adel (2022); Frick and Grudowski (2023); Kovari (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)

Construct	Item code	Item statement	Source
Process benefits	PROC1	Manufacturing processes are becoming more efficient through automation and smart systems	Antony et al. (2023); Maganga and Taifa (2023)
	PROC2	Predictive quality tools help minimise defects and rework	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022; Ghobakhloo et al. (2024)
	PROC3	Real-time data improves decision-making and responsiveness	Adel (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROC4	Integration of Industry 5.0 technologies enhances operational resilience	Frick and Grudowski (2023); Kovari (2024)
	PROC5	Advanced robotics and AI reduce downtime and process variability	Ghobakhloo et al., 2024; Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PROC6	Human–machine collaboration improves workflow efficiency	Leng et al. (2022); Liu et al. (2024); Bonamigo et al. (2025)
	PROC7	Digital twin simulations optimize plant operations	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROC8	Smart maintenance strategies extend equipment lifecycle	Maganga and Taifa (2023); Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024)
People benefits	PEO1	Employee well-being is prioritised through human-centric practices	Frick and Grudowski (2023); Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Sann, Pimpohnsakun and Booncharoen (2024)
	PEO2	Workers are empowered with upskilling and reskilling opportunities	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a)
	PEO3	Collaboration between humans and machines increases job satisfaction	Dijkstra (2023); Frick and Grudowski (2023); Martini, Bellisario and Coletti (2024)
	PEO4	Inclusive practices enhance workforce diversity and equity	Ziatdinov, Atteraya and Nabiyev (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a, 2025b)
	PEO5	Industry 5.0 fosters safer working conditions	Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Kovari (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PEO6	Knowledge sharing and teamwork are strengthened across the organization	Maganga and Taifa (2023); Beltran-Salomon et al. (2025)
	PEO7	Customized employee development programs	Sukdeo and Mothilall (2023); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)
	PEO8	Employee creativity and innovation are encouraged by problem-solving	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Mentzas et al. (2024)
Planet benefits	PLAN1	Sustainable practices are integrated into production processes	Adel (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Mohammadian, Pishdar and Matin (2025)
	PLAN2	Active reduction of carbon emissions in operations	Narkhede et al. (2024); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PLAN3	Energy-efficient technologies lower environmental impact	Adel (2022); Leng et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2023)
	PLAN4	Circular economic principles are applied in product and process design	Mentzas et al. (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PLAN5	Waste reduction and recycling are prioritised in production	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022); Kovari (2024)
	PLAN6	Compliance with environmental and sustainability regulations	Bui et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2023, 2024)
	PLAN7	Green innovation supports environmentally friendly product development	Martín-Gómez, Agote-Garrido and Lama-Ruiz (2024); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PLAN8	Industry 5.0 improves alignment with national and global sustainability goals	Gamberini and Pluchino (2024); Li et al. (2025)
Profit/economic benefits	PROF1	Industry 5.0 adoption enhances organisational competitiveness	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROF2	Smart technologies reduce production costs	Bui et al. (2022); Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)
	PROF3	Improved efficiency leads to higher productivity	Adel (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROF4	Enhanced product quality strengthens market position	Ranjith Kumar, Ganesh and Rajendran (2022); Antony et al. (2023)
	PROF5	Customer satisfaction improves due to higher value delivery	Bui et al. (2022); Mohammadian, Pishdar and Matin (2025)
	PROF6	Digital transformation supports long-term profitability	Ghobakhloo et al. (2024); Müller and Van Dyk (2024)
	PROF7	Adoption of Industry 5.0 opens opportunities for new revenue streams	Keenavinna and Wickramarachchi (2024); Kovari (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025a)
	PROF8	Supply chain efficiency reduces economic vulnerability	Mentzas et al. (2024); Narkhede et al. (2024)
	PROF9	Financial performance improves through sustainable innovation	Bui et al. (2022); Pacheco and Iwaszczenko (2024)
	PROF10	Resilience to economic shocks is strengthened by Industry 5.0 practices	Adel (2022); Frick and Grudowski (2023); Kovari (2024); Mhlongo and Sukdeo (2025b)

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