Table 4. Quality 5.0 empirical framework...

Table 4.

Quality 5.0 empirical framework

Item statements	Factors
Process benefits	1	2	3	4	Communalities
Manufacturing processes are becoming more efficient through automation and smart systems	0.79				0.92

Predictive quality tools help minimise defects and rework	0.72				0.85
Real-time data improves decision-making and responsiveness	0.80				0.77
Integration of Industry 5.0 technologies enhances operational resilience	0.81				0.87
Advanced robotics and AI reduce downtime and process variability	0.80				0.82
Human–machine collaboration improves workflow efficiency	0.75				0.79
Digital twin simulations optimise plant operations	0.80				0,82
Smart maintenance strategies extend equipment lifecycle	0.78				0,81
People benefits
Employee well-being is prioritised through human-centric practices		0.74			0,80
Workers are empowered with upskilling and reskilling opportunities		0.78			0,79
Collaboration between humans and machines increases job satisfaction		0.81			0.85
Inclusive practices enhance workforce diversity and equity		0.79			0.81
Industry 5.0 fosters safer working conditions		0.72			0.83
Knowledge sharing and teamwork are strengthened across the organisation		0.77			0.79
Customised employee development programs		0.73			0.78
Employee creativity and innovation are encouraged by problem-solving		0.74			0.83
Planet benefits
Sustainable practices are integrated into production processes			0.74		0.83
Active reduction of carbon emissions in operations			0.72		0.82
Energy-efficient technologies lower environmental impact			0.72		0.81
Circular economic principles are applied in product and process design			0.76		0.75
Waste reduction and recycling are prioritized in production			0.77		0.77
Compliance with environmental and sustainability regulations			0.76		0.76
Green innovation supports environmentally friendly product development			0.73		0.77
Industry 5.0 improves alignment with national and global sustainability goals			0.76		0.84
Profit/economic benefits
Industry 5.0 adoption enhances organisational competitiveness				0.71	0.80
Smart technologies reduce production costs				0.72	0.83
Improved efficiency leads to higher productivity				0.72	0.83
Enhanced product quality strengthens market position				0.72	0.79
Customer satisfaction improves due to higher value delivery				0.76	0.83
Digital transformation supports long-term profitability				0.79	0.80
Adoption of Industry 5.0 opens opportunities for new revenue streams				0.77	0.80
Supply chain efficiency reduces economic vulnerability				0.73	0.77
Financial performance improves through sustainable innovation				0.76	0.82
Resilience to economic shocks is strengthened by Industry 5.0 practices				0.78	0.91

Item statements	Factors
Process benefits	1	2	3	4	Communalities
Manufacturing processes are becoming more efficient through automation and smart systems	0.79				0.92

Predictive quality tools help minimise defects and rework	0.72				0.85
Real-time data improves decision-making and responsiveness	0.80				0.77
Integration of Industry 5.0 technologies enhances operational resilience	0.81				0.87
Advanced robotics and AI reduce downtime and process variability	0.80				0.82
Human–machine collaboration improves workflow efficiency	0.75				0.79
Digital twin simulations optimise plant operations	0.80				0,82
Smart maintenance strategies extend equipment lifecycle	0.78				0,81
People benefits
Employee well-being is prioritised through human-centric practices		0.74			0,80
Workers are empowered with upskilling and reskilling opportunities		0.78			0,79
Collaboration between humans and machines increases job satisfaction		0.81			0.85
Inclusive practices enhance workforce diversity and equity		0.79			0.81
Industry 5.0 fosters safer working conditions		0.72			0.83
Knowledge sharing and teamwork are strengthened across the organisation		0.77			0.79
Customised employee development programs		0.73			0.78
Employee creativity and innovation are encouraged by problem-solving		0.74			0.83
Planet benefits
Sustainable practices are integrated into production processes			0.74		0.83
Active reduction of carbon emissions in operations			0.72		0.82
Energy-efficient technologies lower environmental impact			0.72		0.81
Circular economic principles are applied in product and process design			0.76		0.75
Waste reduction and recycling are prioritized in production			0.77		0.77
Compliance with environmental and sustainability regulations			0.76		0.76
Green innovation supports environmentally friendly product development			0.73		0.77
Industry 5.0 improves alignment with national and global sustainability goals			0.76		0.84
Profit/economic benefits
Industry 5.0 adoption enhances organisational competitiveness				0.71	0.80
Smart technologies reduce production costs				0.72	0.83
Improved efficiency leads to higher productivity				0.72	0.83
Enhanced product quality strengthens market position				0.72	0.79
Customer satisfaction improves due to higher value delivery				0.76	0.83
Digital transformation supports long-term profitability				0.79	0.80
Adoption of Industry 5.0 opens opportunities for new revenue streams				0.77	0.80
Supply chain efficiency reduces economic vulnerability				0.73	0.77
Financial performance improves through sustainable innovation				0.76	0.82
Resilience to economic shocks is strengthened by Industry 5.0 practices				0.78	0.91

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