Table A1. Lexicons for firm FinTech...

Table A1.

Lexicons for firm FinTech index

Category	Subindex	Keywords
Technology	Information technology	Informatization construction, Information science, IT governance, IT architecture, Online, Quick Response code, Opening, Informatization, Automation, Digitalization, Intelligent, Scene, Instant messaging, 5G, Information system, Information security, Open, Interconnect, Sharing, Virtual reality, Cyber-physical systems, FinTech, Financial Technology
	Artificial intelligence	Artificial intelligence, Face recognition, Real-time monitoring, Fingerprint identification, Deep learning, Wearable, Intelligence, Smart, Machine learning, Face swiping, Voiceprint, Intelligent speech, Biometric identification, Biometric authentication, Text mining, Brain-inspired computing, Image understanding, Natural language processing
	Blockchain technology	Blockchain, Alliance chain, Secure multi-party computation, Distributed computation
	Cloud technology	Cloud computing, Cloud serving, Finance cloud, Cloud computing architecture, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
	Data technology	Big data, Data mining, Data stream, Data set, Information Mining, CRM
	Internet technology	Internet, Cellphone, Mobile, Mobile device, Network, Remote, Electronic, API, Internet of Things, Mobile communications
Business	Business (service) channels	Internet finance, Biosphere, Electronic wallet, E-finance, Online financial products, Electronic commerce, E-commerce, Open system interconnection, Online supply chain, Intelligent retail, Contactless commerce, Scene finance
	Gross settlement	Third party payment, Mobile payment, Online payment, Net payment, Mobile phone and payment, NFC payment, Digital currency, Electronic payment, Barcode payment, Two-dimensional barcode payment, EB-class storage, Wearable payment, Senseless payment
	Resource allocation	Internet financing, Peer-to-peer lending, P2P lending, Crowdfunding, Internet lending, Network financing, Online investment, Equity-based crowdfunding, Investment decision aid system, Online financing, Financial inclusion, Personalized pricing, Scene financing
	Financial management	Consumer finance, Online wealth management, Robot financing, Expert advisor, Intelligent advisor
	Risk management	Big data credit, big data risk control

Category	Subindex	Keywords
Technology	Information technology	Informatization construction, Information science, IT governance, IT architecture, Online, Quick Response code, Opening, Informatization, Automation, Digitalization, Intelligent, Scene, Instant messaging, 5G, Information system, Information security, Open, Interconnect, Sharing, Virtual reality, Cyber-physical systems, FinTech, Financial Technology
	Artificial intelligence	Artificial intelligence, Face recognition, Real-time monitoring, Fingerprint identification, Deep learning, Wearable, Intelligence, Smart, Machine learning, Face swiping, Voiceprint, Intelligent speech, Biometric identification, Biometric authentication, Text mining, Brain-inspired computing, Image understanding, Natural language processing
	Blockchain technology	Blockchain, Alliance chain, Secure multi-party computation, Distributed computation
	Cloud technology	Cloud computing, Cloud serving, Finance cloud, Cloud computing architecture, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
	Data technology	Big data, Data mining, Data stream, Data set, Information Mining, CRM
	Internet technology	Internet, Cellphone, Mobile, Mobile device, Network, Remote, Electronic, API, Internet of Things, Mobile communications
Business	Business (service) channels	Internet finance, Biosphere, Electronic wallet, E-finance, Online financial products, Electronic commerce, E-commerce, Open system interconnection, Online supply chain, Intelligent retail, Contactless commerce, Scene finance
	Gross settlement	Third party payment, Mobile payment, Online payment, Net payment, Mobile phone and payment, NFC payment, Digital currency, Electronic payment, Barcode payment, Two-dimensional barcode payment, EB-class storage, Wearable payment, Senseless payment
	Resource allocation	Internet financing, Peer-to-peer lending, P2P lending, Crowdfunding, Internet lending, Network financing, Online investment, Equity-based crowdfunding, Investment decision aid system, Online financing, Financial inclusion, Personalized pricing, Scene financing
	Financial management	Consumer finance, Online wealth management, Robot financing, Expert advisor, Intelligent advisor
	Risk management	Big data credit, big data risk control

Note(s):

This table presents the lexicons used to construct the firm-level FinTech index. Keywords are based on Wu et al. (2023) and Qi et al. (2022) with minor modifications. They are grouped into two broad categories: Technology (covering IT, AI, blockchain, cloud, data, internet) and business (covering channels, settlement, resource allocation, financial management and risk management)

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