Table 5 Structural model results...

Table 5

Structural model results

Hypothesis and path	β	t-value	p-value	R² (endogenous)	f²	Q²
H1: DT → FRQ	1.471	4.695	<0.001	0.355	Large	>0
H2: DT → EE	0.724	6.583	<0.001	0.455	Large	>0
H3: EE → FRQ	−0.261	0.585	0.559	–	Negligible	–
H4: DT → EE → FRQ	−0.189	n.s.	>0.05	–	Negligible	–

Hypothesis and path	β	t-value	p-value	R² (endogenous)	f²	Q²
H1: DT → FRQ	1.471	4.695	<0.001	0.355	Large	>0
H2: DT → EE	0.724	6.583	<0.001	0.455	Large	>0
H3: EE → FRQ	−0.261	0.585	0.559	–	Negligible	–
H4: DT → EE → FRQ	−0.189	n.s.	>0.05	–	Negligible	–

Note(s): β = standardized path coefficient; t-values obtained via bootstrapping (5,000 resamples); p-values indicate two-tailed significance levels

R² represents the coefficient of determination for endogenous constructs; Adjusted R² accounts for model complexity

f² indicates effect size, where 0.02 = small, 0.15 = medium, and 0.35 = large (Hair et al., 2023)

Q² values were calculated using blindfolding procedures to assess predictive relevance; Q² > 0 indicates predictive capability

Confidence intervals are bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) at the 95% level

n = 40 firm-year observations (2019–2023)

Source(s): Authors' own work

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