Table 2

Variables' measurement

AcronymsDefinitionsMeasuresSources/Tools
Dependent variable: CSR performance
ESG SCOREPerformance ESGScore ESGDatastream
Independent variable of interest
MASCULCEO facial masculinityRatio of facial width to height (fWHR)Annual reports; Wikipedia; Wallmine; MarketScreener; Zonebourse; ImageJ software
Independent control variables
AGECEO ageAge of the CEOAnnual reports; Wikipedia; Wallmine; MarketScreener; Zonebourse
TENURECEO tenureNumber of years holding the position of CEOAnnual reports; Wikipedia; Wallmine; MarketScreener; Zonebourse
DUALITYCEO Duality1 (0 otherwise) if the CEO of the firm is also the chair of the board of directorsAnnual reports; Wikipedia; Wallmine; MarketScreener; Zonebourse
FOREIGNCEOCEO nationality1 (0 otherwise) if the CEO's origin is not CanadaAnnual reports; Wikipedia; Wallmine; MarketScreener; Zonebourse
FSIZEFirm sizeNatural logarithm of total assetsDatastream
LEVLeverageTotal debt to total assetsDatastream
ROAProfitabilityNet income to total assetsDatastream
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