Table 2.

EU AI Act consultation cycle metadata

AttributePhase 1: White PaperPhase 2: Legislative ProposalPhase 3: Implementation
Consultation periodFeb 19–Jun 14, 2020 (116 days)Apr 21–Aug 6, 2021 (108 days)Nov 13–Dec 11, 2024 (29 days)
Total valid responses1,215303383
Consultation typeOpen public (strategic/pre-legislative)Feedback on legislative proposalImplementation guidance
Legal instrumentWhite Paper COM (2020) 65 finalProposed Regulation COM (2021) 206 finalRegulation (EU) 2024/1689 (adopted)
Regulatory stageStrategic policy formulationLegislative refinement (pre-trilogue)Implementation preparation
Note(s):

Primary data for Phases 1 and 2 comprise European Commission synopsis reports supplemented by the Staff Working Document (SWD [2021] 84 final). Phase 3 data draw on the analytical report commissioned from the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS, 2025), supplemented by original analysis of anonymised raw response data (n = 383). The DSA pre-legislative consultation (July–September 2020, n = 2,863) provides a contemporaneous benchmark. Industry aggregates company/business organisations and associations (Phases 1–2) or providers, deployers and industry organisations (Phase 3). Under alternative aggregation treating SMEs separately, the large-corporation and industry-association share still exceeds 30%, maintaining industry plurality by a factor of more than five over citizen participation (5.74%). The headline finding is robust to reasonable alternative aggregation decisions

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