Foreign capital and sustainable food security in Africa
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FS(−1) | 0.93*** (0.09) | 0.93*** (0.07) | 0.86*** (0.04) | 0.79*** (0.06) |
| GDP | −0.19*** (0.03) | −0.19*** (0.07) | 0.15*** (0.04) | −0.06 (0.05) |
| GCF | 0.29*** (0.03) | 0.032*** (0.04) | 0.022*** (0.04) | 0.21*** (0.04) |
| GEA | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.35*** (0.08) | 0.18*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.054) |
| PG | 1.03*** (0.20) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.17*** (0.03) | −3.1*** (0.12) |
| UB | −1.40 (0.88) | −1.89*** (0.70) | −0.74*** (0.08) | −0.001 (0.78) |
| DEBT | −0.14*** (0.03) | |||
| RM | −1.22*** (0.23) | |||
| FDI | −0.25*** (0.11) | |||
| PORT | −5.5 (3.87) | |||
| Observations | 912 | 912 | 912 | 912 |
| No. of groups | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
| AR1(p-value) | 0.084 | 0.098 | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| AR2(p-value) | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.743 | 0.893 |
| Hansen (p-value) | 0.643 | 0.692 | 0.269 | 0.394 |
| Sargan (p-value) | 0.657 | 0.657 | 0.410 | 0.331 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FS(−1) | 0.93*** (0.09) | 0.93*** (0.07) | 0.86*** (0.04) | 0.79*** (0.06) |
| GDP | −0.19*** (0.03) | −0.19*** (0.07) | 0.15*** (0.04) | −0.06 (0.05) |
| GCF | 0.29*** (0.03) | 0.032*** (0.04) | 0.022*** (0.04) | 0.21*** (0.04) |
| GEA | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.35*** (0.08) | 0.18*** (0.03) | 0.23*** (0.054) |
| PG | 1.03*** (0.20) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.17*** (0.03) | −3.1*** (0.12) |
| UB | −1.40 (0.88) | −1.89*** (0.70) | −0.74*** (0.08) | −0.001 (0.78) |
| DEBT | −0.14*** (0.03) | |||
| RM | −1.22*** (0.23) | |||
| FDI | −0.25*** (0.11) | |||
| PORT | −5.5 (3.87) | |||
| Observations | 912 | 912 | 912 | 912 |
| No. of groups | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
| AR1( | 0.084 | 0.098 | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| AR2( | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.743 | 0.893 |
| Hansen ( | 0.643 | 0.692 | 0.269 | 0.394 |
| Sargan ( | 0.657 | 0.657 | 0.410 | 0.331 |
Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
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