Table 8 Role of institutional quality on... | Emerald Publishing

Table 8

Role of institutional quality on the nexus between foreign capital and sustainable food security in Africa

VAR.	1	2	3	4
FS(−1)	0.91*** (0.011)	0.902*** (0.011)	0.906*** (0.011)	0.910*** (0.122)
GDP	0.91 (0.66)	−0.229 (0.544)	−0.072* (0.043)	−0.029 (0.087)
GCF	−0.28 (0.544)	0.211 (0.130)	−0.257 (0.544)	−0.002 (0.035)
GEA	1.72 (1.19)	0.02 (0.04)	5.038 (3.479)	0.03 (0.117)
PG	0.195 (0.131)	0.06 (0.059)	0.20 (0.130)	0.205 (0.131)
UB	−0.013 (0.035)	−0.22 (0.13)	−0.011 (0.035)	−0.237 (0.546)
IQ	0.16** (0.073)	0.161** (0.07)	2.079* (1.146)	2.152*** (1.147)
DEBT	−0.44*** (0.082)
RM		−0.451*** (0.08)
FDI			−0.427*** (0.082)
PORT				−0.446*** (0.082)
c.DEBT#c.IQ	6.66* (3.776)
c.RM#c.IQ		2.36** (1.159)
c.FDI#c.IQ			0.151** (0.072)
c.PORT#c.IQ				0.155** (0.073)
Observations	912	912	912	912
NO. of groups	48	48	48	48
AR1 (p-value)	0.011	0.018	0.090	0.010
AR2 (p-value)	0.980	0.564	0.324	0.167
Hansen (p-value)	0.672	0.109	0.563	0.171
Sargan (p-value)	0.786	0.112	0.789	0.513

VAR.	1	2	3	4
FS(−1)	0.91*** (0.011)	0.902*** (0.011)	0.906*** (0.011)	0.910*** (0.122)
GDP	0.91 (0.66)	−0.229 (0.544)	−0.072* (0.043)	−0.029 (0.087)
GCF	−0.28 (0.544)	0.211 (0.130)	−0.257 (0.544)	−0.002 (0.035)
GEA	1.72 (1.19)	0.02 (0.04)	5.038 (3.479)	0.03 (0.117)
PG	0.195 (0.131)	0.06 (0.059)	0.20 (0.130)	0.205 (0.131)
UB	−0.013 (0.035)	−0.22 (0.13)	−0.011 (0.035)	−0.237 (0.546)
IQ	0.16** (0.073)	0.161** (0.07)	2.079* (1.146)	2.152*** (1.147)
DEBT	−0.44*** (0.082)
RM		−0.451*** (0.08)
FDI			−0.427*** (0.082)
PORT				−0.446*** (0.082)
c.DEBT#c.IQ	6.66* (3.776)
c.RM#c.IQ		2.36** (1.159)
c.FDI#c.IQ			0.151** (0.072)
c.PORT#c.IQ				0.155** (0.073)
Observations	912	912	912	912
NO. of groups	48	48	48	48
AR1 (p-value)	0.011	0.018	0.090	0.010
AR2 (p-value)	0.980	0.564	0.324	0.167
Hansen (p-value)	0.672	0.109	0.563	0.171
Sargan (p-value)	0.786	0.112	0.789	0.513

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0

Source(s): Field Data, 2025