Coding dataset
| Source | Policy type | Mechanism | Lifecycle stage | Decision impact | Constraint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Act 2022 (Australia Government. Department of Climate Change, 2026, Climate Change Authority, 2025) | Regulation (Federal) | Targets/strategic direction | Planning (macro) | Sets emissions expectations | Non-specific to construction |
| National Construction Code (NCC) (Australian Building Codes Board, 2025) | Regulation | Compliance standards | Design | Energy/material specification | Focus on operational, not embodied |
| Commonwealth ESP Policy (Australia Government Department of Finance, 2025; Infrastructure Australia, 2024) | Procurement | Contractual and reporting | Procurement | Forces embodied carbon reporting | Cost + capability |
| National Sustainable Procurement Guideline (Australia Government Department of Infrastructure, 2025) | Procurement | Guidance/benchmarking | Procurement | Influences tender criteria | Non-mandatory uptake |
| NSW SEPP (Sustainable Buildings) (NSW Government Planning, 2025;NSW Government Department of Planning, 2023;NSW Government Department of Planning Housing and Infrastructure, 2026; Planning, 2025) | Regulation (Planning) | Reporting/disclosure | Planning | Forces LCA and emissions disclosure | No hard targets yet |
| NSW Embodied Emissions Technical Note (NSW Government Department of Planning Housing and Infrastructure, 2026) | Regulation support | Technical methodology | Planning/Design | Standardises carbon calculation | Data complexity |
| Victoria Recycled First Policy (Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council, 2025; Victoria State Government Victorias Big Build, 2023, 2025, 2026) | Procurement | Targets and reporting | Procurement | Drives recycled material use | Supply availability |
| Circular Economy Framework (2024) (Australia Government. Department of Climate Change, 2024) | Strategy (Federal) | Policy alignment | Planning (macro) | Drives circularity agenda | Non-binding |
| BASIX (Planning, 2025) | Regulation (State) | Compliance tool | Design | Requires embodied carbon calculation | Limited scope |
| NABERS (NABERS, 2024) | Rating system | Benchmarking | Operation/Design | Performance tracking | Limited embodied carbon scope |
| Green Star (Green Building Council Australia, 2026) | Rating system | Incentives/credits | Design | Encourages low-carbon materials | Voluntary uptake |
| Infrastructure Australia report (Infrastructure Australia, 2024) | Industry | Data and projections | Planning | Quantifies emissions baseline | No enforcement |
| GBCA Carbon Reduction Guide (Green Building Council Australia, 2023) | Industry | Guidance/tools | Design | Supports material decisions | Voluntary |
| MECLA (MECLA, 2026) | Industry collaboration | Knowledge sharing | Design/Procurement | Accelerates decarbonisation | Coordination limits |
| Amarasinghe et al. (2024) | Academic | Analytical insight | Design | Highlights embodied carbon importance | Implementation complexity |
| Shooshtarian et al. (2025) | Academic | Policy evaluation | Procurement | Identifies recycled material gaps | Weak incentives |
| Gurusinghe et al. (2025) | Academic | Framework (ReSOLVE) | Design | Circular strategy guidance | Industry fragmentation |
| Zhang et al. (2026) | Academic | Conceptual alignment | Planning | Links carbon + circular economy | Integration difficulty |
| Li et al. (2025) | Academic | Indicator framework | Design | Improves circularity measurement | Lack of standardisation |
| Hasselsteen et al. (2026) | Academic | LCA modelling | Design | Indicates early-stage carbon lock-in | Data intensity |
| Ahmed et al. (2024) | Academic | Procurement analysis | Procurement | Indicates procurement influence | Adoption variability |
| Ajayi et al. (2017) | Academic | Waste minimisation model | Procurement | Improves material efficiency | Contractual complexity |
| Park and Tucker (2017) | Academic | Barrier analysis | Construction | Identifies reuse barriers | Client resistance |
| Senarathne et al. (2025) | Academic | Material passports | Design | Enables circular tracking | Data infrastructure |
| Source | Policy type | Mechanism | Lifecycle stage | Decision impact | Constraint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change Act 2022 ( | Regulation (Federal) | Targets/strategic direction | Planning (macro) | Sets emissions expectations | Non-specific to construction |
| National Construction Code (NCC) ( | Regulation | Compliance standards | Design | Energy/material specification | Focus on operational, not embodied |
| Commonwealth ESP Policy ( | Procurement | Contractual and reporting | Procurement | Forces embodied carbon reporting | Cost + capability |
| National Sustainable Procurement Guideline ( | Procurement | Guidance/benchmarking | Procurement | Influences tender criteria | Non-mandatory uptake |
| NSW SEPP (Sustainable Buildings) ( | Regulation (Planning) | Reporting/disclosure | Planning | Forces LCA and emissions disclosure | No hard targets yet |
| NSW Embodied Emissions Technical Note ( | Regulation support | Technical methodology | Planning/Design | Standardises carbon calculation | Data complexity |
| Victoria Recycled First Policy ( | Procurement | Targets and reporting | Procurement | Drives recycled material use | Supply availability |
| Circular Economy Framework (2024) ( | Strategy (Federal) | Policy alignment | Planning (macro) | Drives circularity agenda | Non-binding |
| BASIX ( | Regulation (State) | Compliance tool | Design | Requires embodied carbon calculation | Limited scope |
| NABERS ( | Rating system | Benchmarking | Operation/Design | Performance tracking | Limited embodied carbon scope |
| Green Star ( | Rating system | Incentives/credits | Design | Encourages low-carbon materials | Voluntary uptake |
| Infrastructure Australia report ( | Industry | Data and projections | Planning | Quantifies emissions baseline | No enforcement |
| GBCA Carbon Reduction Guide ( | Industry | Guidance/tools | Design | Supports material decisions | Voluntary |
| MECLA ( | Industry collaboration | Knowledge sharing | Design/Procurement | Accelerates decarbonisation | Coordination limits |
| Academic | Analytical insight | Design | Highlights embodied carbon importance | Implementation complexity | |
| Academic | Policy evaluation | Procurement | Identifies recycled material gaps | Weak incentives | |
| Academic | Framework (ReSOLVE) | Design | Circular strategy guidance | Industry fragmentation | |
| Academic | Conceptual alignment | Planning | Links carbon + circular economy | Integration difficulty | |
| Academic | Indicator framework | Design | Improves circularity measurement | Lack of standardisation | |
| Academic | LCA modelling | Design | Indicates early-stage carbon lock-in | Data intensity | |
| Academic | Procurement analysis | Procurement | Indicates procurement influence | Adoption variability | |
| Academic | Waste minimisation model | Procurement | Improves material efficiency | Contractual complexity | |
| Academic | Barrier analysis | Construction | Identifies reuse barriers | Client resistance | |
| Academic | Material passports | Design | Enables circular tracking | Data infrastructure |
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