Table 1

Summary of literature

VariableStructural impact on financial inclusionKey supporting literature
Income and wealthHigh income relaxes liquidity constraints, enhances savings capacities and significantly expands formal credit and deposit usageZins and Weill (2016), Raichoudhury (2020), Khushboo and Pradhan (2024) 
Education and literacyAdvanced schooling lowers informational barriers, enhances procedural comprehension and drives overall financial awarenessDatta and Singh (2019), Singh and Mallick (2024), Kumar and Pradhan (2024) 
Employment securityPermanent, formal employment channels regular wage streams through official banking setups, reinforcing institutional attachmentBadar et al. (2020), Soni and Manogna (2024) 
Age dynamicsLife-cycle factors create nonlinearities; exclusion risks intensify significantly among unexposed youth cohorts and ageing populationsAbdu et al. (2015), Sanderson et al. (2018) 
Socio-religious realitiesCultural affiliations and specialized religious financial spaces (e.g. Islamic banking) generate highly localized transaction choicesGhosh (2020), Dagnachew and Mawugatie (2022) 
Source(s): Authors’ work

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