Table 1 Analysis of renewable energy... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Analysis of renewable energy options with port examples

Renewable energy source	Distinctive benefits	Costs (general)	Costs	Current port example
Underground thermal energy	Stable and reliable, unaffected by climate or weather Able to work at full capacity continuously	Relatively high capital costs, especially on infrastructure Extensive network of energy distribution and storage to ensure the utility rate Most renewable energy is available in remote areas, transmission of energy generated is costly Deployment of renewable energy in large scale should consider local environmental factors which are related to economic performance Lifecycle management: cost and operational challenges related to the recycling of (older) installations In some regions, high cost and lengthy permitting procedures for the installation of high-voltage electricity grid extensions	The payback time for a ground source system with 300% more effective than a conventional system is about 12 years	Rhine River Ports
Solar energy	PV technology is easily adopted Flexible application on port buildings and equipment New land-saving applications such as floating and vertical solar parks Potential for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in ports still largely untapped		A 6083 square meter solar panel system from REC with PV module from Singapore which produces 1,000 kW per hour output requires an initial investment of USD830,000 Traditional high-capacity PV parks on land require large surfaces	Algeciras Port (Spain) Antwerp-Bruges (Belgium) North Sea Port (Belgium/the Netherlands) Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) Port of Singapore (Singapore) Tianjin Port (China)
Wind energy	Technology is mature with economies of scale achieved through ever larger wind turbines Wind can be exploited in most places		Enerpower, a famous UK and Italian industrial wind turbine company’s 1.5 MW system with an average 6.5 m/s wind speed with USD0.17 per kWh requires 3.3 years payback Wind parks require large space offshore or onshore, including potential incompatibility with other (nearby) spatial functions such as navigation channels or industrial production of dangerous substances (SEVESO rules)	Antwerp-Bruges (Belgium) Port of Bilbao (Spain) Port of Hamburg (Germany) North Sea Port (Belgium/the Netherlands) Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) Tianjin Port (China) Port of Wismar (Germany)
Wave energy	Wave offers a huge energy potential, high power density		25 GWh generators are tested around coastline of Canada with 25 years of life cycle. A 10 years’ payback period requires an electricity fee of at least USD0.089 per kWh	Baltic Sea region

Renewable energy source	Distinctive benefits	Costs (general)	Costs	Current port example
Underground thermal energy	Stable and reliable, unaffected by climate or weather Able to work at full capacity continuously	Relatively high capital costs, especially on infrastructure Extensive network of energy distribution and storage to ensure the utility rate Most renewable energy is available in remote areas, transmission of energy generated is costly Deployment of renewable energy in large scale should consider local environmental factors which are related to economic performance Lifecycle management: cost and operational challenges related to the recycling of (older) installations In some regions, high cost and lengthy permitting procedures for the installation of high-voltage electricity grid extensions	The payback time for a ground source system with 300% more effective than a conventional system is about 12 years	Rhine River Ports
Solar energy	PV technology is easily adopted Flexible application on port buildings and equipment New land-saving applications such as floating and vertical solar parks Potential for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in ports still largely untapped		A 6083 square meter solar panel system from REC with PV module from Singapore which produces 1,000 kW per hour output requires an initial investment of USD830,000Traditional high-capacity PV parks on land require large surfaces	Algeciras Port (Spain) Antwerp-Bruges (Belgium) North Sea Port (Belgium/the Netherlands) Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) Port of Singapore (Singapore) Tianjin Port (China)
Wind energy	Technology is mature with economies of scale achieved through ever larger wind turbines Wind can be exploited in most places		Enerpower, a famous UK and Italian industrial wind turbine company’s 1.5 MW system with an average 6.5 m/s wind speed with USD0.17 per kWh requires 3.3 years paybackWind parks require large space offshore or onshore, including potential incompatibility with other (nearby) spatial functions such as navigation channels or industrial production of dangerous substances (SEVESO rules)	Antwerp-Bruges (Belgium) Port of Bilbao (Spain) Port of Hamburg (Germany) North Sea Port (Belgium/the Netherlands) Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) Tianjin Port (China) Port of Wismar (Germany)
Wave energy	Wave offers a huge energy potential, high power density		25 GWh generators are tested around coastline of Canada with 25 years of life cycle. A 10 years’ payback period requires an electricity fee of at least USD0.089 per kWh	Baltic Sea region

Source(s): Authors with reference from sources in the text