Table 2

A qualitative assessment of the suitability of renewable energy options in the Singapore port’s context

Renewable energy sourceLocal favorable conditionsLocal unfavorable conditionsOpportunities to be further examinedConcrete projects and realizations in Singapore
Underground Thermal EnergyNot available for power generation at presentNo facilities available in SingaporeNone, not available for seaport terminalsNone
Solar EnergyAbundant sunlight throughout the year
Extensive local sustainable finance ecosystem
Ambitions of Singapore government in terms of green energy
Variation of solar energy (cloud cover and rain)
Land availability issues for ground-level solar parks and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Potential competing uses of solar energy generation in port (e.g. green mobility)
Need for an energy storage system and smart energy management system to manage the intermittency issue
Potential for new land-saving applications such as floating and vertical solar parks
Use more electric-powered cargo handling equipment with charging from solar energy outputs
Since 2016: solar panels on top of warehouses in Jurong Port
Since 2018: solar system in Pasir Panjang Terminal
Since 2022: solar energy for electric port equipment and administrative buildings at Tuas Port
Wind EnergyExtensive coastline for a small island stateLow average wind speed
A territorial sea full of navigation channels and anchorages
High urbanization and industrialization of available land
Incompatibility with nearby SEVESO plants and airport activity
Very limitedNone
Wave EnergyNot presentLimited wave dynamics in Singapore waters
Water surface availability issues in territorial sea
Very limitedNone

Source(s): Authors

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