Table 1

Descriptive statistics

VariableTheoretical contribution# ObsMeanMinMax
Support (0: No, 1: Yes): Full sample incl. non-participantsDependent Variable6080.250001
  • -

    Excl. non-participants but incl. non-disclosing respondents

Dependent Variable3390.448401
  • -

    Excl. non-participants and excl. non-disclosing respondents

Dependent Variable2610.582401
Gender (1: Women)“Legitimacy Perspective”6080.455601
Young (1: Age <26 years)“Legitimacy Perspective”6080.368401
Education (1: > High School)“Legitimacy Perspective”6080.741801
Interest Esports (1: Yes)Social Exchange Theory6080.233601
Active Esports (1: Yes)Social Exchange Theory6080.098701
Esports Olympic (1: Yes)Legitimacy Theory6080.064101
Esports are Sports (1: Yes)Social Exchange Theory6080.319101
Income from Tourism (1: Yes)Social Exchange Theory6080.246701
Trust in Local Government (1: Yes)Legitimacy Theory6080.072401
Trust in IOC (1: Yes)Legitimacy Theory6080.077301
WOG 2026 Referendum: Support (1: Yes)Legitimacy Theory6080.103601

Note(s): The coding of the variables is reported in parentheses. Four variables were collected in the survey using Likert scales: (i) Interest in Esports (1–5; 5 indicating strong interest), (ii) Active Esports Participation (1–6; 1–3: several times per week/month; 4–6: once a week, rarely, never), (iii) Trust in the IOC (1–4; 4 indicating high trust), and (iv) Trust in Local Government (1–4; 4 indicating high trust). For (i), a binary indicator was constructed that takes the value 1 if the Likert-scale response is greater than or equal to 3. For (ii), the indicator variable is set to 1 for responses of 3 or below, and to 0 otherwise. For (iii) and (iv), binary indicators were created that take the value 1 if the Likert-scale response equals 4, and 0 in all other cases

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