Table 2 Results of the four binary...

Table 2

Results of the four binary probit regression models

Variable	Full sample (incl. non-participants)		Subsample (excl. non-participants)
Variable	Model A1	Model A2^a	Model B	Model C
Gender (1: Women)	−0.0639**	−0.0645**	−0.1134***	−0.1170**
Gender (1: Women)	(0.0264)	(0.0262)	(0.0385)	(0.0459)
Young (Age <26 years)	0.1198***	0.1874***	0.1658***	0.1587**
Young (Age <26 years)	(0.0394)	(0.0717)	(0.0552)	(0.0623)
Education (1 > High School)	0.0330	0.0262	0.0859	0.0609
Education (1 > High School)	(0.0328)	(0.0326)	(0.0480)	(0.0573)
Interest Esports	0.4695***	0.1388***	0.5534***	0.5671***
Interest Esports	(0.0624)	(0.0147)	(0.0581)	(0.0486)
Young * Interest Esports	−0.1182***	−0.0581**	−0.1403**	−0.1996***
Young * Interest Esports	(0.0371)	(0.0240)	(0.0611)	(0.0685)
Active Esports	−0.0242	0.0057	−0.0103	0.0092
Active Esports	(0.0391)	(0.0109)	(0.0643)	(0.0815)
Esports Olympic	0.1172*	0.0864	0.1313	0.0908
Esports Olympic	(0.0678)	(0.0638)	(0.0948)	(0.1219)
Esports are Sports	0.1648***	0.1229***	0.1656***	0.2930***
Esports are Sports	(0.0385)	(0.0370)	(0.0492)	(0.0594)
Income from Tourism	0.0585*	0.0557*	0.0845*	0.0720
Income from Tourism	(0.0340)	(0.0336)	(0.0493)	(0.0566)
Trust in Local Government	0.0032	0.0083	0.0656	0.0282
Trust in Local Government	(0.0545)	(0.0181)	(0.0834)	(0.0992)
Trust in IOC	0.0961	0.0404**	0.0919	0.2384**
Trust in IOC	(0.0596)	(0.0164)	(0.0758)	(0.1010)
WOG 2026 Referendum: Support	0.0920*	0.1221**	0.0579	−0.0181
WOG 2026 Referendum: Support	(0.0510)	(0.0528)	(0.0644)	(0.0689)
Pseudo R²	0.315	0.326	0.347	0.415
Observations	608	608	339	261
AIC	492.68	485.02	328.44	231.60
BIC	545.60	537.94	374.36	274.38
Log likelihood	−234.34	−230.51	−152.22	−103.80

Variable	Full sample (incl. non-participants)		Subsample (excl. non-participants)
Variable	Model A1	Model A2^a	Model B	Model C
Gender (1: Women)	−0.0639**	−0.0645**	−0.1134***	−0.1170**
Gender (1: Women)	(0.0264)	(0.0262)	(0.0385)	(0.0459)
Young (Age <26 years)	0.1198***	0.1874***	0.1658***	0.1587**
Young (Age <26 years)	(0.0394)	(0.0717)	(0.0552)	(0.0623)
Education (1 > High School)	0.0330	0.0262	0.0859	0.0609
Education (1 > High School)	(0.0328)	(0.0326)	(0.0480)	(0.0573)
Interest Esports	0.4695***	0.1388***	0.5534***	0.5671***
Interest Esports	(0.0624)	(0.0147)	(0.0581)	(0.0486)
Young * Interest Esports	−0.1182***	−0.0581**	−0.1403**	−0.1996***
Young * Interest Esports	(0.0371)	(0.0240)	(0.0611)	(0.0685)
Active Esports	−0.0242	0.0057	−0.0103	0.0092
Active Esports	(0.0391)	(0.0109)	(0.0643)	(0.0815)
Esports Olympic	0.1172*	0.0864	0.1313	0.0908
Esports Olympic	(0.0678)	(0.0638)	(0.0948)	(0.1219)
Esports are Sports	0.1648***	0.1229***	0.1656***	0.2930***
Esports are Sports	(0.0385)	(0.0370)	(0.0492)	(0.0594)
Income from Tourism	0.0585*	0.0557*	0.0845*	0.0720
Income from Tourism	(0.0340)	(0.0336)	(0.0493)	(0.0566)
Trust in Local Government	0.0032	0.0083	0.0656	0.0282
Trust in Local Government	(0.0545)	(0.0181)	(0.0834)	(0.0992)
Trust in IOC	0.0961	0.0404**	0.0919	0.2384**
Trust in IOC	(0.0596)	(0.0164)	(0.0758)	(0.1010)
WOG 2026 Referendum: Support	0.0920*	0.1221**	0.0579	−0.0181
WOG 2026 Referendum: Support	(0.0510)	(0.0528)	(0.0644)	(0.0689)
Pseudo R²	0.315	0.326	0.347	0.415
Observations	608	608	339	261
AIC	492.68	485.02	328.44	231.60
BIC	545.60	537.94	374.36	274.38
Log likelihood	−234.34	−230.51	−152.22	−103.80

Note(s): Dependent variable: Support for Olympic esports games (0: No; 1: Yes). Constant not reported. All coefficients represent average marginal effects from probit models. Robust standard errors in parentheses

Specifies that Model A2 includes the Likert scale variables; ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1%-, 5%- and 10%-Level, respectively. Models A1 and A2 relate to the full sample, excluding non-participants and non-disclosing respondents, Model B to a subsample where only non-participants are excluded, and Model C to a subsample where non-participants and non-disclosing respondents are excluded

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