Table 1

Formative measurement specification of the revised structural equation model

ConstructFormative indicatorPathIndicator label
Conceptions of learningF11a11Knowledge Construction
F12a12Knowledge Use
F13a13Knowledge Acquisition
F14Aa14Cooperation
F14Ba15Stimulus Expectancy
MotivationF21a21Personal Interests
F22a22Vocation
F23Aa23Certificate Orientation
F23Ba24Self-Testing Orientation
F24a25Ambivalent Orientation
Self-regulation of learningF31Aa31Critical Processing
F31Ba32Critical Processing
F32Aa33Analysis
F32Ba34Concrete Processing
Information processingF41Aa41Content Self-Regulation
F41Ba42Process Self-Regulation
F43Aa43External Regulation of Outcomes
F43Ba44External Regulation of Processes
F44a45Lack of Regulation

Note(s): All measurement blocks are specified as formative; thus, each observed indicator is modeled as contributing to the formation of its corresponding latent construct

Source(s): Own elaboration is based on the results from R Studio software
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