Table A1

Publications relevant to the economic management of housing projects (quantitative studies)

NoAuthor(s)Goal of the studyResults/ImpactsImplicationsBehavioural or economic-financial quantities
1Ahmed et al. (2022) This study investigates the effectiveness of participatory design tools for young women in the United Arab Emirates, using a questionnaire to compare conventional tools (drawings) with advanced VR tools in assessing housing designsThe main measurable outcome is a shift in satisfaction responses. In some cases, VR transformed positive responses into neutrality or dissatisfaction compared to traditional drawings. This heightened perceptual accuracy suggests that VR can improve the precision of pre-occupancy analysis and make the design process more efficient, potentially shortening design timeAdvanced VR tools have proven effective in the pre-occupancy assessment process of homes, but they involve significant costs and resources, impacting the project’s overall budget. A “hybrid” solution that combines the use of VR with conventional tools could represent a valid alternative to keep both costs and implementation times under controlLevel of satisfaction
2Fu et al. (2004) Implementation of a BIM-based life cycle cost estimation tool with 3D virtual reality viewThe study suggests that adopting the proposed tool could improve the accuracy of budget forecasts, contributing to the full absorption of spending overruns, which typically exceed 50% and affect about 75% of government projectsImplementing advanced BIM tools with 3D virtual reality visualisation can improve life cycle cost (LCC) estimation and financial management of construction projects, helping to reduce significant budget overruns and promoting more efficient use of economic resources in the construction industryLife Cycle Costs (LCC)
3Salvo et al. (2022) Examine the adoption of BIM and Industry 4.0 technologies (digitisation, smart building, virtual reality) in the real estate sector to improve management and cost optimisationAdopting technologies like BIM and VR for smart building redevelopment enables precise cost estimation, optimizes financial management, and supports Highest and Best Use (HBU), potentially increasing property value by 7–11% through energy and operational efficiencyThe implementation of Industry 4.0 tools in redevelopment projects facilitates the economic decision-making process, and maximizing the return on investmentConstruction Costs; market value
4Soliman-Junior et al. (2022) Through a living lab approach, examine the use of VR and AR during the retrofit of social housing and evaluate their impact on the value generatedThe study highlights that the use of collaborative tools such as Virtual Reality (VR) and “value cards” (cards for prioritizing user values) in living labs for social housing retrofit projects improved requirement gathering, enabling real-time design adjustments and thus reducing inefficienciesThis approach can reduce costs resulting from post-design changes and ensure more efficient use of the project budget through an early understanding of user needsPerceived value
5Wang and Tung (2023) Developing a BIM-VR system for the design and cost estimation of changes during house constructionIn the case study, the choice of materials resulted in cost variations of up to 15% compared to the initial budget, reducing update times from 7–14 days to a few minutesThe study shows that integrating BIM and VR in home customization reduces errors and cost update times, optimizes decision-making, and improves economic control, making financial project management more efficient and budget-compliantConstruction Costs
6Xiao (2014) Study of the application of 3D/VR GIS visualisation techniques for reducing time costs in data analysisThe results show that using the proposed algorithm to visualize the real scene leads to a reduction in the time required for renderingThe proposed algorithm reduces the analysis time of geographic data in 3D/VR environments, implying a potential reduction in operating costs in construction projects requiring detailed 3D representationsData analysis time

Source(s): Authors’ own creation/work

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