Table 7 Definition and description from...

Table 7

Definition and description from clustering with references

		Definitions and descriptions of IC	References
Prefabrication	Definitions	IC is a synonym or umbrella term for prefabrication or offsite construction	Cao et al. (2015), Hong et al. (2018), Nahmens et al. (2012)
		The ratio of prefabrication or offsite construction describes the level of industrialization	Aquino and Branco (2020), Daget and Zhang (2019), Ekanayake et al. (2022a), Forsythe and Sepasgozar (2019), Jaillon and Poon (2009), Johnsson and Meiling (2009), Jonsson and Rudberg (2014), Liu et al. (2019, 2020), Marinelli et al. (2022)
		Utilization of a controlled manufacturing environment is also used as a definition, where IC is defined as factory or manufactured construction	Ji et al. (2017), Jin et al. (2021b), Kamali and Hewage (2016), Rostami et al. (2013), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023), van Oorschot et al. (2021), Vestin et al. (2021), Yao et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2014)
		IC supports developing prefabrication	Azman et al. (2013), Brege et al. (2014), Shi et al. (2022)
	Descriptions	IC has been noted as one of industrialization’s core elements and starting points	Du et al. (2019), Eriksson et al. (2014), Jonsson and Rudberg (2014), Li et al. (2014), Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021), Stehn and Jimenez (2023), Teng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2022b)
		Precast elements were one of the first forms of IC.	Ekanayake et al. (2021b)
		Prefabrication is also referred to as the technology that IC utilizes	Du et al. (2021), Tian and Spatari (2022), Wang et al. (2018), Yuan et al. (2021)
		The push to reduce onsite operations increases the usage of prefabrication	Ekanayake et al. (2021a), Li (2020), Nozawa and Komiyama (2021), Rostami et al. (2013), Rubio-Romero et al. (2014)
		It is also considered to simplify construction by providing more control in manufacturing and on site	Bildsten (2014), Du et al. (2019), Ekanayake et al. (2022a), Nozawa and Komiyama (2021), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023)
		IC can also be approached as factory-oriented production	Barlow et al. (2003), Hofman et al. (2009), Kedir et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022a), Loss et al. (2016), Ma et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2022a)
		Project specifications may not be required before fabrication	Zhang et al. (2014)
		IC ranges from precast elements to integrating technical components into a module	Marinelli et al. (2022), Pervez et al. (2021), Wuni and Shen (2020), Zhou (2021)
Standardization	Definitions	IC is the standardization of products and processes	Kedir et al. (2023b)
		Standardization provides control and support for the adoption of technologies in management and production	Attouri et al. (2022), Ginigaddara et al. (2022b), Kedir and Hall (2021), Luna-Tintos et al. (2020)
		Streamlining, rationalizing, or using stencils to systematize operations are also used as definitions of IC.	Ekanayake et al. (2021b), Eriksson et al. (2014), Rostami et al. (2013), Yashiro (2014)
		Continuous improvement uses standardization as a basis for development in IC.	Andersson and Lessing (2020), Attouri et al. (2022), Bergstrom and Stehn (2005)
	Descriptions	The standardization of products, processes, and methods provides possibilities for repetition	Eriksson et al. (2014), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020), Meiling et al. (2014), Yashiro (2014)
		Onsite IC is supported by standardization	Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021)
		Sustainability can be systematically applied through IC.	Du et al. (2021)
		IC is the standardization of production in construction	Nozawa and Komiyama (2021)
		Standardization is one of the prerequisites for prefabrication	Zhang et al. (2014)
		While prefabrication can also support standardization	Li et al. (2022a)
		Repetition and standardization provide support for the specialization of work tasks	Rubio-Romero et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2018)
		Standardization of design is one of the key qualities of IC.	Hongxiong and Yue (2022)
		Systemizing site works ensures that benefits are implemented	Wuni and Shen (2020)
		Information-flow standardization can utilize technologies that have been developed for other purposes	Ezzeddine and García de Soto (2021)
		The chosen IC approach impacts how the approach toward customization needs to be considered	Grenzfurtner et al. (2023)
		IC supports systematic data gathering for continuous improvement through standardization	Andersson and Lessing (2020)
		Continuous improvement can reduce complexity	Larsson et al. (2014)
		Systematic product development provides a basis for continuous improvement and standardized data	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023)
Sector	Definitions	IC is a construction industry sector that has adopted an industrialized strategy. The strategic transformation from project-centric organizations to product-based ones is at the core of IC. Prefabrication and standardization are often mentioned as being at the core of the strategy	Grenzfurtner et al. (2022, 2023), Hu et al. (2019), Kedir et al. (2023a), Nahmens and Ikuma (2009), Popovic et al. (2022), Viking and Lidelöw (2015)
	Descriptions	IC represents a sector with its own market share and state	Du et al. (2022)
		IC presents solutions and companies competing with traditional construction	Čuš-Babič et al. (2014), Liu et al. (2022), Luna-Tintos et al. (2020), Nikolic (2018), Zhu et al. (2018)
		The change moves companies more toward production orientation over project orientation	Persson et al. (2009), Popovic et al. (2022), Viana et al. (2022)
		The sector is characterized by vertical integration and longer-term relations between partners	Pasquire et al. (2011), Popovic et al. (2022)
		There are varying degrees of IC with various maturity levels	Ginigaddara et al. (2022b), Hassan and Beshara (2019), Hong et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2022b)
		Different approaches are often measured based on prefabrication level	Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2021)
		Although there are alternative ways to measure IC.	Zhang et al. (2017)
		The production of buildings has higher control in IC.	Lennartsson and Björnfot (2010)
		The control supports faster deliveries for IC.	Brege et al. (2014)
		The competing solutions require different business practices, such as changes in risk management	Ekanayake et al. (2022b), Ji et al. (2022), Lennartsson and Björnfot (2010)
		IC strategy favors the Make to Order-model	Johnsson and Meiling (2009)
		Various regional names describe IC depending on the technical details	Attouri et al. (2022), Azman et al. (2013), Li et al. (2022b), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023)
Integration	Definitions	IC is the integration of processes and resources for construction	Larsson et al. (2014), Li et al. (2020), Qi et al. (2020), Teng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2018), Wuni et al. (2022)
		The focus is on integrating different aspects, from fragmented operations to responsibilities	Höök and Stehn (2008), Meiling et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2020)
		Integration is also highlighted in contrast to the simple utilization of prefabrication	Stehn and Jimenez (2023)
	Descriptions	IC has been described as the integration of construction processes	Bergstrom and Stehn (2005), Bergström and Stehn (2005), Jin et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022a), Roy et al. (2005), Wernicke et al. (2019)
		Focusing on product solutions	Bahrami and Zeinali (2023), Johnsson and Meiling (2009), Zhang et al. (2014)
		Combining process views with product solutions	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Kedir et al. (2023b), Li (2020), Popovic et al. (2022)
		Alongside supply chain considerations	Bildsten (2014), Kedir et al. (2023a), Lessing and Brege (2018), Teng et al. (2017)
		With longer-term partnerships in the value chain	Attouri et al. (2022), Yashiro (2014)
		Vertical integration of the value chain under one	Popovic et al. (2022)
		IC also changes the share of labor between on site and prefabrication	Goh and Loosemore (2017), Stehn and Jimenez (2023)
		IC emphasizes companies’ interfaces between their project-oriented and industrialized sections	Popovic et al. (2022)
		Technical innovations can be drivers for integration	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Bildsten (2014)
		These innovations can be robotics and mechanization	Attouri et al. (2022)
		Or digital technologies and digitalization targeting information work	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Attouri et al. (2022), Bahrami and Zeinali (2023), Jin et al. (2022)
Manufacturing practice adoption	Definitions	IC is the adoption of practices from the manufacturing industry. The definitions focus on the sources of these practices	Goh and Loosemore (2017), Hao et al. (2020), Jalali Yazdi et al. (2021), Jin et al. (2021a), Kedir et al. (2022), Mohsen et al. (2022), Rener et al. (2023), Uusitalo and Lavikka (2020)
	Definitions	These practices include prefabrication, standardization, mechanization, and scientific management methods	Jiang et al. (2018), Li et al. (2020)
	Descriptions	IC is adapting practices and operational modes from the manufacturing industry	Gann (1996), Martínez et al. (2013), Mullens (2008)
		The goal for operations is shifting away from pilot mode	Toivonen et al. (2021)
		The manufacturing views are shared with prefabrication	Ekanayake et al. (2022a)
		The production process focus is separated from prefabrication	Blismas et al. (2010), Eriksson et al. (2014)
		DfMA is characteristic of IC in comparison to traditional construction	Gee and Brown (2022)
Technological investment	Definitions	IC is a technological investment with a focus on the mechanization of construction work	Attouri et al. (2022), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020), Martinez et al. (2008), Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021), Saleh and Alalouch (2020)
		The technology can be adopted on or off site	Rostami et al. (2013)
		The changes to company operations often move the focus toward larger markets	Attouri et al. (2022), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020)
		The technology also supports standardization	Ginigaddara et al. (2022b)
	Description	Mechanization levels and robotics have been used to measure IC.	De Araujo et al. (2023), Jaillon and Poon (2010), Teng et al. (2017)
		Or directly as the level of IC.	Daget and Zhang (2019), Li (2023)
		At the core, the goal is to reduce human skills and labor through the utilization of technology	Forsythe and Sepasgozar (2019), Ginigaddara et al. (2022a), Martínez et al. (2013)
		Technology adaptation has an impact both on and off site in different ways	Attouri et al. (2022), Rosarius and De Soto (2021)
		This can impact both management and production through the development of construction systems	De Araujo et al. (2023), Marinelli et al. (2022), Pervez et al. (2021), Svajlenka and Kozlovska (2020)
		Management informatization is one of the ways	Hongxiong and Yue (2022)
		Digitalization and BIM shape as well	Attouri et al. (2022)
		It has been noted that moving construction under one roof will not provide all the benefits alone; it changes in every part	Nahmens and Ikuma (2009)
		When examining information systems, usability and information quality are key considerations	Bahrami and Zeinali (2023)
		The data should be maintained within one system to ensure security and accessibility	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023)
		Version control must ensure correct variants are found on current and earlier projects	Roy et al. (2005)
None		IC has no agreed-upon definition in the literature due to its ambiguous nature	Attouri et al. (2022), Bildsten (2014)
None		There is no overarching definition	Yashiro (2014)

		Definitions and descriptions of IC	References
Prefabrication	Definitions	IC is a synonym or umbrella term for prefabrication or offsite construction	Cao et al. (2015), Hong et al. (2018), Nahmens et al. (2012)
		The ratio of prefabrication or offsite construction describes the level of industrialization	Aquino and Branco (2020), Daget and Zhang (2019), Ekanayake et al. (2022a), Forsythe and Sepasgozar (2019), Jaillon and Poon (2009), Johnsson and Meiling (2009), Jonsson and Rudberg (2014), Liu et al. (2019, 2020), Marinelli et al. (2022)
		Utilization of a controlled manufacturing environment is also used as a definition, where IC is defined as factory or manufactured construction	Ji et al. (2017), Jin et al. (2021b), Kamali and Hewage (2016), Rostami et al. (2013), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023), van Oorschot et al. (2021), Vestin et al. (2021), Yao et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2014)
		IC supports developing prefabrication	Azman et al. (2013), Brege et al. (2014), Shi et al. (2022)
	Descriptions	IC has been noted as one of industrialization’s core elements and starting points	Du et al. (2019), Eriksson et al. (2014), Jonsson and Rudberg (2014), Li et al. (2014), Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021), Stehn and Jimenez (2023), Teng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2022b)
		Precast elements were one of the first forms of IC.	Ekanayake et al. (2021b)
		Prefabrication is also referred to as the technology that IC utilizes	Du et al. (2021), Tian and Spatari (2022), Wang et al. (2018), Yuan et al. (2021)
		The push to reduce onsite operations increases the usage of prefabrication	Ekanayake et al. (2021a), Li (2020), Nozawa and Komiyama (2021), Rostami et al. (2013), Rubio-Romero et al. (2014)
		It is also considered to simplify construction by providing more control in manufacturing and on site	Bildsten (2014), Du et al. (2019), Ekanayake et al. (2022a), Nozawa and Komiyama (2021), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023)
		IC can also be approached as factory-oriented production	Barlow et al. (2003), Hofman et al. (2009), Kedir et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022a), Loss et al. (2016), Ma et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2022a)
		Project specifications may not be required before fabrication	Zhang et al. (2014)
		IC ranges from precast elements to integrating technical components into a module	Marinelli et al. (2022), Pervez et al. (2021), Wuni and Shen (2020), Zhou (2021)
Standardization	Definitions	IC is the standardization of products and processes	Kedir et al. (2023b)
		Standardization provides control and support for the adoption of technologies in management and production	Attouri et al. (2022), Ginigaddara et al. (2022b), Kedir and Hall (2021), Luna-Tintos et al. (2020)
		Streamlining, rationalizing, or using stencils to systematize operations are also used as definitions of IC.	Ekanayake et al. (2021b), Eriksson et al. (2014), Rostami et al. (2013), Yashiro (2014)
		Continuous improvement uses standardization as a basis for development in IC.	Andersson and Lessing (2020), Attouri et al. (2022), Bergstrom and Stehn (2005)
	Descriptions	The standardization of products, processes, and methods provides possibilities for repetition	Eriksson et al. (2014), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020), Meiling et al. (2014), Yashiro (2014)
		Onsite IC is supported by standardization	Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021)
		Sustainability can be systematically applied through IC.	Du et al. (2021)
		IC is the standardization of production in construction	Nozawa and Komiyama (2021)
		Standardization is one of the prerequisites for prefabrication	Zhang et al. (2014)
		While prefabrication can also support standardization	Li et al. (2022a)
		Repetition and standardization provide support for the specialization of work tasks	Rubio-Romero et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2018)
		Standardization of design is one of the key qualities of IC.	Hongxiong and Yue (2022)
		Systemizing site works ensures that benefits are implemented	Wuni and Shen (2020)
		Information-flow standardization can utilize technologies that have been developed for other purposes	Ezzeddine and García de Soto (2021)
		The chosen IC approach impacts how the approach toward customization needs to be considered	Grenzfurtner et al. (2023)
		IC supports systematic data gathering for continuous improvement through standardization	Andersson and Lessing (2020)
		Continuous improvement can reduce complexity	Larsson et al. (2014)
		Systematic product development provides a basis for continuous improvement and standardized data	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023)
Sector	Definitions	IC is a construction industry sector that has adopted an industrialized strategy. The strategic transformation from project-centric organizations to product-based ones is at the core of IC. Prefabrication and standardization are often mentioned as being at the core of the strategy	Grenzfurtner et al. (2022, 2023), Hu et al. (2019), Kedir et al. (2023a), Nahmens and Ikuma (2009), Popovic et al. (2022), Viking and Lidelöw (2015)
	Descriptions	IC represents a sector with its own market share and state	Du et al. (2022)
		IC presents solutions and companies competing with traditional construction	Čuš-Babič et al. (2014), Liu et al. (2022), Luna-Tintos et al. (2020), Nikolic (2018), Zhu et al. (2018)
		The change moves companies more toward production orientation over project orientation	Persson et al. (2009), Popovic et al. (2022), Viana et al. (2022)
		The sector is characterized by vertical integration and longer-term relations between partners	Pasquire et al. (2011), Popovic et al. (2022)
		There are varying degrees of IC with various maturity levels	Ginigaddara et al. (2022b), Hassan and Beshara (2019), Hong et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2022b)
		Different approaches are often measured based on prefabrication level	Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2021)
		Although there are alternative ways to measure IC.	Zhang et al. (2017)
		The production of buildings has higher control in IC.	Lennartsson and Björnfot (2010)
		The control supports faster deliveries for IC.	Brege et al. (2014)
		The competing solutions require different business practices, such as changes in risk management	Ekanayake et al. (2022b), Ji et al. (2022), Lennartsson and Björnfot (2010)
		IC strategy favors the Make to Order-model	Johnsson and Meiling (2009)
		Various regional names describe IC depending on the technical details	Attouri et al. (2022), Azman et al. (2013), Li et al. (2022b), Sánchez-Garrido et al. (2023)
Integration	Definitions	IC is the integration of processes and resources for construction	Larsson et al. (2014), Li et al. (2020), Qi et al. (2020), Teng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2018), Wuni et al. (2022)
		The focus is on integrating different aspects, from fragmented operations to responsibilities	Höök and Stehn (2008), Meiling et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2020)
		Integration is also highlighted in contrast to the simple utilization of prefabrication	Stehn and Jimenez (2023)
	Descriptions	IC has been described as the integration of construction processes	Bergstrom and Stehn (2005), Bergström and Stehn (2005), Jin et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022a), Roy et al. (2005), Wernicke et al. (2019)
		Focusing on product solutions	Bahrami and Zeinali (2023), Johnsson and Meiling (2009), Zhang et al. (2014)
		Combining process views with product solutions	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Kedir et al. (2023b), Li (2020), Popovic et al. (2022)
		Alongside supply chain considerations	Bildsten (2014), Kedir et al. (2023a), Lessing and Brege (2018), Teng et al. (2017)
		With longer-term partnerships in the value chain	Attouri et al. (2022), Yashiro (2014)
		Vertical integration of the value chain under one	Popovic et al. (2022)
		IC also changes the share of labor between on site and prefabrication	Goh and Loosemore (2017), Stehn and Jimenez (2023)
		IC emphasizes companies’ interfaces between their project-oriented and industrialized sections	Popovic et al. (2022)
		Technical innovations can be drivers for integration	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Bildsten (2014)
		These innovations can be robotics and mechanization	Attouri et al. (2022)
		Or digital technologies and digitalization targeting information work	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023), Attouri et al. (2022), Bahrami and Zeinali (2023), Jin et al. (2022)
Manufacturing practice adoption	Definitions	IC is the adoption of practices from the manufacturing industry. The definitions focus on the sources of these practices	Goh and Loosemore (2017), Hao et al. (2020), Jalali Yazdi et al. (2021), Jin et al. (2021a), Kedir et al. (2022), Mohsen et al. (2022), Rener et al. (2023), Uusitalo and Lavikka (2020)
	Definitions	These practices include prefabrication, standardization, mechanization, and scientific management methods	Jiang et al. (2018), Li et al. (2020)
	Descriptions	IC is adapting practices and operational modes from the manufacturing industry	Gann (1996), Martínez et al. (2013), Mullens (2008)
		The goal for operations is shifting away from pilot mode	Toivonen et al. (2021)
		The manufacturing views are shared with prefabrication	Ekanayake et al. (2022a)
		The production process focus is separated from prefabrication	Blismas et al. (2010), Eriksson et al. (2014)
		DfMA is characteristic of IC in comparison to traditional construction	Gee and Brown (2022)
Technological investment	Definitions	IC is a technological investment with a focus on the mechanization of construction work	Attouri et al. (2022), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020), Martinez et al. (2008), Ofori-Kuragu and Osei-Kyei (2021), Saleh and Alalouch (2020)
		The technology can be adopted on or off site	Rostami et al. (2013)
		The changes to company operations often move the focus toward larger markets	Attouri et al. (2022), Heesbeen and Prieto (2020)
		The technology also supports standardization	Ginigaddara et al. (2022b)
	Description	Mechanization levels and robotics have been used to measure IC.	De Araujo et al. (2023), Jaillon and Poon (2010), Teng et al. (2017)
		Or directly as the level of IC.	Daget and Zhang (2019), Li (2023)
		At the core, the goal is to reduce human skills and labor through the utilization of technology	Forsythe and Sepasgozar (2019), Ginigaddara et al. (2022a), Martínez et al. (2013)
		Technology adaptation has an impact both on and off site in different ways	Attouri et al. (2022), Rosarius and De Soto (2021)
		This can impact both management and production through the development of construction systems	De Araujo et al. (2023), Marinelli et al. (2022), Pervez et al. (2021), Svajlenka and Kozlovska (2020)
		Management informatization is one of the ways	Hongxiong and Yue (2022)
		Digitalization and BIM shape as well	Attouri et al. (2022)
		It has been noted that moving construction under one roof will not provide all the benefits alone; it changes in every part	Nahmens and Ikuma (2009)
		When examining information systems, usability and information quality are key considerations	Bahrami and Zeinali (2023)
		The data should be maintained within one system to ensure security and accessibility	Annunen and Haapasalo (2023)
		Version control must ensure correct variants are found on current and earlier projects	Roy et al. (2005)
None		IC has no agreed-upon definition in the literature due to its ambiguous nature	Attouri et al. (2022), Bildsten (2014)
None		There is no overarching definition	Yashiro (2014)

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