Table 2

Main findings and theoretical interpretation

FindingMain empirical evidenceTheoretical interpretation (institutional logics)Governance implication
1. Sustainability awareness does not translate into lower-carbon mobility choicesAir travel dominates mobility choices (69.7%), followed by rail (20.1%); high awareness of environmental issues but low willingness to change travel behaviourSustainability logic remains weaker than mobility norms associated with academic participation; behaviour reflects a tension between environmental awareness and institutionalised expectations of physical presenceMove beyond awareness-based approaches by redesigning incentive systems, travel funding criteria, and evaluation standards to legitimise lower-carbon participation modes
2. Conference participation remains structured by prestige and mobility normsTravel decisions prioritise networking, visibility, and career advancement; digital alternatives perceived as inadequate for professional interactionPrestige and career advancement logics dominate over sustainability considerations, reinforcing hypermobility as a norm of legitimate academic engagementRecalibrate academic evaluation and recognition systems (e.g. promotion, funding, visibility metrics) to reduce structural dependence on physical mobility
3. Soft sustainability nudges have limited behavioural effectsLow choice of sustainable accommodation (16%); official sustainability recommendations (e.g. hotel lists) largely disregarded in favour of convenience and autonomyWeak institutionalisation of sustainability logic: soft nudges fail when not aligned with dominant logics of convenience, autonomy, and efficiencyComplement soft measures with stronger governance mechanisms (standards, incentives, default options, accountability tools) embedded in conference design
4. Participation asymmetries reveal structural inequalities in accessHigh geographical concentration (top 10 countries = 73.88%); participation patterns imply reliance on long-haul air travel (e.g. UK, USA, Canada)Inequality-reproducing institutional logics: access to conferences reflects uneven distributions of funding, prestige, and global academic centralityPromote more equitable and decentralised conference models (e.g. multi-hub formats), alongside governance mechanisms addressing resource and access asymmetries
Source(s): Authors' own work

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