Table 2 Confirmatory factor analysis...

Table 2

Confirmatory factor analysis results for convergent validity and reliability

Construct and item	Descriptive statistics		Convergent validity		Reliability
Construct and item	Mean	Standard deviation	Factor loading	Average variance extracted	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability
Big data analytics capabilities (BDAC)				0.822	0.958	0.958
BDAC1. We have advanced tools (analytics and algorithms) to extract value from big data	3.433	1.336	0.914
BDAC2. We are able to discover relationships and dependencies from big data	3.36	1.328	0.904
BDAC3. We are able to perform predictions of outcomes and behaviors from big data	3.437	1.18	0.891
BDAC4. We are able to discover new correlations from big data to spot market demand trends and predict user behavior	3.513	1.13	0.912
BDAC5. Our big data analytics staff has the right skills to accomplish their jobs successfully	3.36	1.19	0.911
Digital capabilities (DC)				0.849	0.965	0.965
DC1. We offer different training (courses, literature, coaching) to improve the digital expertise of our team members	3.23	1.282	0.953
DC2. Digital capabilities are an important selection criterion in recruiting new team members	3.203	1.315	0.933
DC3. Our team members use all digital services in the products we offer	3.207	1.348	0.854
DC4. Our team has the necessary capabilities to further digitalize our company	3.333	1.258	0.932
DC5. We actively discuss our digital projects within our company, including failures and best practices	3.267	1.274	0.932
Data-driven culture (DDC)				0.911	0.980	0.982
DDC1. We consider data a tangible asset	2.933	1.508	0.865
DDC2. We base our decisions on data rather than on instinct	3.027	1.709	0.981
DDC3. We are willing to override our own intuition when data contradict our viewpoints	3.02	1.673	0.991
DDC4. We continuously assess and improve the business rules in response to insights extracted from data	3	1.604	0.967
DDC5. We continuously coach our employees to make decisions based on data	3.057	1.677	0.961
Digital transformation (DT)				0.934	0.983	0.983
DT1. Our firm was integrating digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to drive organizational structure and culture changes in the last six years	2.497	1.338	0.965
DT2. Our firm was integrating digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to drive leadership styles, employee roles, and skills changes in the last six years	2.657	1.366	0.960
DT3. Our firm was driving new business processes, sales networks, and channels built on digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things over the last six years	2.603	1.278	0.963
DT4. Our firm was supporting digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to rapidly adapt to changes in environmental conditions over the last six years	2.577	1.392	0.978

Construct and item	Descriptive statistics		Convergent validity		Reliability
Construct and item	Mean	Standard deviation	Factor loading	Average variance extracted	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability
Big data analytics capabilities (BDAC)				0.822	0.958	0.958
BDAC1. We have advanced tools (analytics and algorithms) to extract value from big data	3.433	1.336	0.914
BDAC2. We are able to discover relationships and dependencies from big data	3.36	1.328	0.904
BDAC3. We are able to perform predictions of outcomes and behaviors from big data	3.437	1.18	0.891
BDAC4. We are able to discover new correlations from big data to spot market demand trends and predict user behavior	3.513	1.13	0.912
BDAC5. Our big data analytics staff has the right skills to accomplish their jobs successfully	3.36	1.19	0.911
Digital capabilities (DC)				0.849	0.965	0.965
DC1. We offer different training (courses, literature, coaching) to improve the digital expertise of our team members	3.23	1.282	0.953
DC2. Digital capabilities are an important selection criterion in recruiting new team members	3.203	1.315	0.933
DC3. Our team members use all digital services in the products we offer	3.207	1.348	0.854
DC4. Our team has the necessary capabilities to further digitalize our company	3.333	1.258	0.932
DC5. We actively discuss our digital projects within our company, including failures and best practices	3.267	1.274	0.932
Data-driven culture (DDC)				0.911	0.980	0.982
DDC1. We consider data a tangible asset	2.933	1.508	0.865
DDC2. We base our decisions on data rather than on instinct	3.027	1.709	0.981
DDC3. We are willing to override our own intuition when data contradict our viewpoints	3.02	1.673	0.991
DDC4. We continuously assess and improve the business rules in response to insights extracted from data	3	1.604	0.967
DDC5. We continuously coach our employees to make decisions based on data	3.057	1.677	0.961
Digital transformation (DT)				0.934	0.983	0.983
DT1. Our firm was integrating digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to drive organizational structure and culture changes in the last six years	2.497	1.338	0.965
DT2. Our firm was integrating digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to drive leadership styles, employee roles, and skills changes in the last six years	2.657	1.366	0.960
DT3. Our firm was driving new business processes, sales networks, and channels built on digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things over the last six years	2.603	1.278	0.963
DT4. Our firm was supporting digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of things to rapidly adapt to changes in environmental conditions over the last six years	2.577	1.392	0.978

Note(s): Factor loadings should be above the 0.704 benchmark and average variance extracted should be greater than the 0.50 threshold to establish convergent validity, whereas Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability should be meet the minimum threshold of 0.70 to establish reliability Hair et al. (2019, 2020), Lim (2025)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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