Table 3

Correlation matrix and heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations for discriminant validity

ConstructBig data analytics capabilitiesDigital capabilitiesData-driven cultureDigital transformation
Big data analytics capabilities0.9070.8220.7810.693
Digital capabilities0.8200.9210.6820.754
Data-driven culture0.8120.7160.9540.604
Digital transformation0.6910.7650.6120.966

Note(s): Italic values on the diagonal are square roots of average variance extract. These values should be higher than the values above the diagonal, which represent correlations between constructs, to establish discriminant validity Hair et al. (2019, 2020), Lim (2025). The values below the diagonal are heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations, which should be less than 0.85 to establish discriminant validity Henseler et al. (2015) 

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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