Table A1

Key constructs and their operationalization

ConstructOperational meaning in DT-Enabled portsSources
Cybersecurity capabilityTechnical controls aligned with governance, risk, training, and regulatory compliance; routinized and auditableCheung et al., 2021; Mehmood et al., 2019; Nankya et al., 2023; Ometov et al., 2018; Progoulakis et al., 2023; Senarak, 2024; Tam et al., 2021 
Knowledge managementSystematic codification, dissemination, and reuse of cyber knowledge through artifacts, routines, and simple reuse metricsO’Dell and Grayson, 1998; Wang and Wang, 2019 
DT-enabled optimizationData-reliant monitoring and planning whose performance depends on the integrity and availability of underlying data streamsde la Peña Zarzuelo, 2021; Klar et al., 2023 
Resilience and continuityLearning-based readiness supported by redundancy, recovery objectives, and continuity planningDi Vaio et al., 2025a, 2025b, 2025c; UNCTAD, 2022 
Stakeholder legitimacyCredibility that arises when ports demonstrate how secure knowledge flows support environmental and operational goalsBebbington et al., 2008; Calderaro and Craig, 2020; Papa et al., 2021; Sahoo, 2024 

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