Table A2

Port performance dimensions where KM–cyber link to environmental outcomes

DimensionWhat it capturesWhere KM-cyber matter for emissions
EfficiencyTurnaround time, throughput, resource utilizationCodified cyber learning reduces data errors in arrival planning and resource scheduling, which lowers idle time and fuel burn
ReliabilityPredictability of services and schedulesKnowledge reuse stabilizes processes after incidents, limiting variability that would Cascade into extra steaming or anchorage time
Safety and securityProtection against accidental harm and intentional threatsInstitutionalized training, drills, and post-incident learning reduce disruptions that would otherwise increase energy use and emissions (Chlomoudis et al., 2024; Tseng and Pilcher, 2017; UNCTAD, 2022; World Bank, 2021, 2025; Yang et al., 2014)

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