Table 2

Social capital in principals' leadership for AI adoption in schools

Key themePatternReferences
Collaborating with teachersBuilding trust and collaboration among teachers to reduce resistance and foster AI adoption, such as peer mentoring and co-creation of AI practicesTyson and Sauers (2021), Abedi and Ametepey (2024), Marrone et al. (2025), Song et al. (2025) 
Involving teachers in decision-making about AI integrationHejres (2022), Karakose and Tülübas (2024), Richardson et al. (2025) 
Supporting teacher professional development and peer learning on AI toolsAkgun and Greenhow (2022), Marino et al. (2023), Song et al. (2025), Bower et al. (2025) 
Community engagement for studentsCommunicating with parents about AI use, privacy, and learning implicationsAdams and Thompson (2025), Karakose and Tülübas (2024), Richardson et al. (2025), Yuni et al. (2025) 
Encouraging student participation in AI-enhanced learning and addressing equity concernsLiua et al. (2021), Marino et al. (2023), Hossain (2025), Richardson et al. (2025) 
External partnershipsCollaborating with AI enterprises, research institutions, and policymakers to support school AI adoptionLiua et al. (2021), Moravec and Martínez-Bravo (2023), Kesim et al. (2025) 
Networking and engaging with community organizations, NGOs, and innovation hubs to share AI-related practices and strategies for enhancing AI integrationMoravec and Martínez-Bravo (2023), Huang et al. (2025), Renta-Davids et al. (2025) 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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