Table 2.

Additional indicators proposed by experts

ConstructsIndicators and codeDefinition of indicators
Theory of planned behaviour
Attitude (A)Education/knowledge (A4)Stakeholders’ awareness, understanding and technical literacy around CE principles, practices and outcomes
Contract and procurement models (A5)Structure, terms and specifications incorporated into contractual agreements and procurement procedures that affect the adoption of CE practices
Subjective norms (SN)Hierarchical influence (SN4)Explains how supervisors or organisational leaders directly influence the norms and behaviours of their workforce, particularly in hierarchical industries like construction
Company vision/ internal culture (SN5)The degree to which a company’s purpose or sustainability values influence individual decision-making
Shareholder and reputational pressure (SN6)The external pressure from investors that influences organisations to adopt sustainable practices
Perceived behavioural control (PBC)Digital platforms (PBC5)Presence of digital systems that enable transparency, traceability and operational ease in CE implementation
Norm activation model
Personal norms (PN)Social motivation and values (PN4)Individual’s sense of responsibility or drive that arises from broader societal concerns rather than purely environmental or economic incentives
Morality (PN5)An internal ethical framework that guides decisions about what is right or wrong
Awareness of consequences (AC)Existential threat (AC4)Emotional reactions to environmental crises, such as fear of collapse or worry for future generations, are what motivate awareness
Consequences of inaction (AC5)Understanding not just the benefits of CE but also the risks of continuing with business-as-usual practices
Ascribed responsibility (AR)Local impact awareness (AR4)Feeling responsible when the consequences of their actions are tied to their immediate environment
Future harm and fear, and shame (AR5)Emotional states that can trigger or strengthen One’s sense of moral obligation to act sustainably

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