Table 3. Reflective measurement model...

Table 3.

Reflective measurement model assessment

Construct	Item	Outer loading	CA	rho_A	CR	AVE
Curriculum examination misalignment	CEM2	0.827	0.866	0.873	0.918	0.790
	CEM3	0.916
	CEM4	0.920
Grade 12 examination outcomes	GEO2	0.853	0.821	0.823	0.893	0.736
	GEO3	0.861
	GEO4	0.860
Language barriers	LB1	0.837	0.861	0.874	0.905	0.706
	LB2	0.769
	LB3	0.867
	LB4	0.883
Psychological and emotional stress	PS1	0.858	0.814	0.815	0.890	0.729
	PS2	0.876
	PS4	0.826
School leadership capacity	SLC2	0.844	0.843	0.847	0.905	0.761
	SLC3	0.883
	SLC4	0.889
Teacher competency and professional development	TC1	0.746	0.741	0.749	0.837	0.563
	TC2	0.715
	TC3	0.821
	TC4	0.715

Construct	Item	Outer loading	CA	rho_A	CR	AVE
Curriculum examination misalignment	CEM2	0.827	0.866	0.873	0.918	0.790
	CEM3	0.916
	CEM4	0.920
Grade 12 examination outcomes	GEO2	0.853	0.821	0.823	0.893	0.736
	GEO3	0.861
	GEO4	0.860
Language barriers	LB1	0.837	0.861	0.874	0.905	0.706
	LB2	0.769
	LB3	0.867
	LB4	0.883
Psychological and emotional stress	PS1	0.858	0.814	0.815	0.890	0.729
	PS2	0.876
	PS4	0.826
School leadership capacity	SLC2	0.844	0.843	0.847	0.905	0.761
	SLC3	0.883
	SLC4	0.889
Teacher competency and professional development	TC1	0.746	0.741	0.749	0.837	0.563
	TC2	0.715
	TC3	0.821
	TC4	0.715

Source(s): Authors’ own creation based on SmartPLS 2026

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