Table 1.

Difference between civil liability principles

AspectUSAEuropean UnionUAE
Effect of tort lawNegligence-based: plaintiff must prove breach, causation, etc.Fault-based and strict liability (as per the case)A more flexible approach (judges may adjust liability based on fairness by integrating civil laws with Sharia principles)
Strict liabilityApplies in product liability, consumer protection cases, etc.Prevalent in consumer protection and defective product casesApplies in contracts and product liability cases (Bhargava, 2023)
Limitations from contractLiability may be limited by contractsCertain liability exclusions are voidCourts review contracts and may alter agreed damages (Art. 390 UAE Civil Code 1985)
Source(s): Authors’ elaboration

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