Table 1

Descriptive statistics and correlations of included variables

%MinimumMaximumMeanSD1234567891011
1. Police use of force definition 148               
2. Police use of force definition 241    0.86**          
3. Bystanders present 0508.288.970.140.12         
4. Audience 0394.497.040.32**0.25**0.63**        
5. Bystander physical obstruction13    0.15**0.16*0.29**0.34**       
6. Bystander verbal frustration36    0.25*0.28**0.34**0.35**0.49**      
7. Bystander helping18    0.32**0.28**0.37**0.38**0.61**0.57**     
8. Bystander refusing to leave19    0.30**0.26**0.30**0.28**0.62**0.60**0.54**    
9. Bystander filming24    0.33**0.27**0.29**0.44**0.25**0.16*0.25**0.32**   
10. Suspect verbal resistance44    0.050.13−0.04−0.140.090.25**0.030.12−0.11  
11. Suspect physical resistance39    0.52**0.48**0.27**0.30**0.24**0.27**0.29**0.27**0.20**0.14 
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