Table 1. Forms of resistance in... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Forms of resistance in health-care AI adoption

Type of resistance	Description	Typical problems	References
Institutional/Organizational	Related to regulatory constraints, governance, data fragmentation and medical specializations	Interoperability challenges, regulatory compliance issues, interspecialty conflicts	Esmaeilzadeh (2024); Schmidt et al. (2024)
Epistemic/professional	Connected to professional identities and clinicians’ established practices	Fear of loss of autonomy, skepticism toward “black-box” systems, difficulties integrating into diagnostic processes	Henry et al. (2022); Wang et al. (2023)
Ethical/symbolic	Linked to values, trust and the social perception of technologies	Concerns about transparency, fairness, algorithmic bias and the impact on inequalities	Grosek et al. (2024)

Type of resistance	Description	Typical problems	References
Institutional/Organizational	Related to regulatory constraints, governance, data fragmentation and medical specializations	Interoperability challenges, regulatory compliance issues, interspecialty conflicts	Esmaeilzadeh (2024); Schmidt et al. (2024)
Epistemic/professional	Connected to professional identities and clinicians’ established practices	Fear of loss of autonomy, skepticism toward “black-box” systems, difficulties integrating into diagnostic processes	Henry et al. (2022); Wang et al. (2023)
Ethical/symbolic	Linked to values, trust and the social perception of technologies	Concerns about transparency, fairness, algorithmic bias and the impact on inequalities	Grosek et al. (2024)

Source(s): Authors’ own work