Comparison of FoMO, smartphone addiction and cyberloafing by academic year
| Variable | First year mean (SD) | Other years mean (SD) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FoMO | 21.47 (5.81) | 20.88 (6.20) | 0.852 | 0.395 |
| Smartphone addiction | 21.47 (7.49) | 20.96 (6.88) | 0.611 | 0.541 |
| Cyberloafing | 39.99 (9.69) | 41.11 (8.10) | −1.096 | 0.274 |
| Variable | First year mean (SD) | Other years mean (SD) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FoMO | 21.47 (5.81) | 20.88 (6.20) | 0.852 | 0.395 |
| Smartphone addiction | 21.47 (7.49) | 20.96 (6.88) | 0.611 | 0.541 |
| Cyberloafing | 39.99 (9.69) | 41.11 (8.10) | −1.096 | 0.274 |
Note(s): p > 0.05
Table 6 indicates that no statistically significant differences were found between first-year students and students in higher academic years in terms of FoMO (p = 0.395), smartphone addiction (p = 0.541) and cyberloafing (p = 0.274). These findings suggest that the levels of the three study variables remain relatively consistent across academic years
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