Empirical evidence supporting study hypotheses: a synthesis of PLS-SEM studies in Islamic banking
| Author(s) and year | Independent variable(s) | Mediating variable(s) | Moderating variable(s) | Dependent variable(s) | Significance | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamidi and Worthington (2023) | Prosperity | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive |
| People | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.003 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | positive | |
| Hamidi et al. (2024) | Prosperity | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive |
| People | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Prosperity | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | People | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Planet | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Hamidi et al. (2025) | Prosperity | – | – | Sustainability | 0.000 | Positive |
| People | – | – | Sustainability | 0.003 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Sustainability | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Sustainability | 0.018 | Positive | |
| Oladapo (2024) | Management Support | – | – | Environment Performance | 0.000 | Positive |
| Environment Innovation | – | – | Environment Performance | 0.004 | Positive | |
| Management Support | Environmental Innovation | – | Environment Performance | 0.006 | Positive | |
| Management Support | – | – | Environmental Innovation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Fahamsyah et al. (2026) | SDGs | – | – | ROI | 0.003 | Positive |
| Market Share | – | – | ROI | 0.000 | Positive | |
| SDGs | – | – | Market Share | 0.000 | Positive | |
| SDGs | – | Digitization | ROI | 0.021 | Positive | |
| Asghar et al. (2020) | Financial and economic performance | – | – | Sustainable performance | 0.000 | Positive |
| Financial and economic performance | Social and environmental performance | – | Sustainable performance | 0.019 | Positive | |
| Sukardi et al. (2022) | Corporate Ethical Identity | – | – | Corporate Sustainability | 0.028 | Positive |
| Corporate governance | – | – | Corporate Sustainability | 0.267 | Positive | |
| Khan et al. (2024) | Employees Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive |
| Daily Operations Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Customers Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Bank Policy Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Employees Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Daily Operations Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Customers Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Bank Policy Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Rahman et al. (2025) | Sustainable Innovativeness | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive |
| Green Investment | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Green Banking Policy | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Ahmed et al. (2022) | Islamic Shariah compliance | – | – | Service Quality | 0.000 | Positive |
| Islamic Shariah compliance | – | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Service quality | – | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Islamic Shariah compliance | Service quality! | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.035 | Positive | |
| Ashraf et al. (2026) | Environmental Awareness | – | – | Empathy | 0.000\ | Positive |
| Empathy | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Environmental Awareness | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Perceived Social Support | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Moral and Ethical Obligation | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Greentech Innovation | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Greentech Innovation | – | – | Self-Efficacy | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Self-Efficacy | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive |
| Author(s) and year | Independent variable(s) | Mediating variable(s) | Moderating variable(s) | Dependent variable(s) | Significance | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prosperity | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| People | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.003 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | positive | |
| Prosperity | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| People | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Financial Performance | 0.000 | positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Prosperity | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | People | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Planet | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prosperity | – | – | Sustainability | 0.000 | Positive | |
| People | – | – | Sustainability | 0.003 | Positive | |
| Planet | – | – | Sustainability | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Prophet | – | – | Sustainability | 0.018 | Positive | |
| Management Support | – | – | Environment Performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Environment Innovation | – | – | Environment Performance | 0.004 | Positive | |
| Management Support | Environmental Innovation | – | Environment Performance | 0.006 | Positive | |
| Management Support | – | – | Environmental Innovation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| SDGs | – | – | ROI | 0.003 | Positive | |
| Market Share | – | – | ROI | 0.000 | Positive | |
| SDGs | – | – | Market Share | 0.000 | Positive | |
| SDGs | – | Digitization | ROI | 0.021 | Positive | |
| Financial and economic performance | – | – | Sustainable performance | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Financial and economic performance | Social and environmental performance | – | Sustainable performance | 0.019 | Positive | |
| Corporate Ethical Identity | – | – | Corporate Sustainability | 0.028 | Positive | |
| Corporate governance | – | – | Corporate Sustainability | 0.267 | Positive | |
| Employees Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Daily Operations Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Customers Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Bank Policy Practices | – | – | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Employees Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Daily Operations Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Customers Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Bank Policy Practices | – | Management Environmental Awareness | Bank Reputation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Sustainable Innovativeness | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Green Investment | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Green Banking Policy | – | – | Green Banking Operation | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Islamic Shariah compliance | – | – | Service Quality | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Islamic Shariah compliance | – | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.000 | Positive | |
| Service quality | – | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Islamic Shariah compliance | Service quality! | – | Customer satisfaction | 0.035 | Positive | |
| Environmental Awareness | – | – | Empathy | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Empathy | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Environmental Awareness | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Perceived Social Support | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Moral and Ethical Obligation | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Greentech Innovation | – | – | Moral and Ethical Obligation | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Greentech Innovation | – | – | Self-Efficacy | 0.000\ | Positive | |
| Self-Efficacy | – | – | Niyyah | 0.000\ | Positive |
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