Table 1 Descriptive statistical analysis... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Descriptive statistical analysis

Variable	Definitions	Source	Mean	Std	Min	Max
ROA	Net profit after tax/Total assets	Guo and Xu (2021)	0.2171	9.0528	−66.0267	35.7145
CRR	Cost-to-Revenue Ratio	Batchimeg (2017)	5.4294	2.0898	2.1600	19.1138
DT	Total investment in technology and software		17.1049	1.9098	13.8155	24.9718
Size	The logarithm of total labour	Jardak and Ben Hamad (2022), Zhang et al. (2022)	22.8093	2.0315	16.6911	28.8573
Age	Years of operation for the enterprise	Wang et al. (2022)	11.9615	5.2453	3.0000	31.0000
Covid-19	For $t = [2021, 2022]$ ⁠, the coding is ${C o v i d 19}_{t} = 1$ ⁠; For $t = [2023],$ the coding is ${C o v i d 19}_{t} = 0$	Nhi et al. (2022)	0.6667	0.4724	1.0000	2.0000
ALR	Total Debt/Total Assets	Guo and Xu (2021), Zhang et al. (2022), Ren et al. (2023)	45.7092	35.6803	0.0000	100.0000
Grow	(Revenue in year (t) – Revenue in year (t-1))/Revenue in year (t-1)	Nhi et al. (2022)	0.7694	32.1170	−97.4409	91.6874
Gov	For $t = [2021$ ⁠, 2022, $2023]$ ⁠, an enterprise that received support for DT is coded with ${G o v}_{t} = 1$ ⁠, otherwise it is coded with ${G o v}_{t} = 0$		0.2008	0.4014	0.0000	1.0000

Variable	Definitions	Source	Mean	Std	Min	Max
ROA	Net profit after tax/Total assets	Guo and Xu (2021)	0.2171	9.0528	−66.0267	35.7145
CRR	Cost-to-Revenue Ratio	Batchimeg (2017)	5.4294	2.0898	2.1600	19.1138
DT	Total investment in technology and software		17.1049	1.9098	13.8155	24.9718
Size	The logarithm of total labour	Jardak and Ben Hamad (2022), Zhang et al. (2022)	22.8093	2.0315	16.6911	28.8573
Age	Years of operation for the enterprise	Wang et al. (2022)	11.9615	5.2453	3.0000	31.0000
Covid-19	For $t = [2021, 2022]$ , the coding is ${C o v i d 19}_{t} = 1$ ; For $t = [2023],$ the coding is ${C o v i d 19}_{t} = 0$	Nhi et al. (2022)	0.6667	0.4724	1.0000	2.0000
ALR	Total Debt/Total Assets	Guo and Xu (2021), Zhang et al. (2022), Ren et al. (2023)	45.7092	35.6803	0.0000	100.0000
Grow	(Revenue in year (t) – Revenue in year (t-1))/Revenue in year (t-1)	Nhi et al. (2022)	0.7694	32.1170	−97.4409	91.6874
Gov	For $t = [2021$ , 2022, $2023]$ , an enterprise that received support for DT is coded with ${G o v}_{t} = 1$ , otherwise it is coded with ${G o v}_{t} = 0$		0.2008	0.4014	0.0000	1.0000