Table 1

Types of interaction in online learning environments

Interaction typeDefinitionCitation
Learner–learnerInteraction between one learner and other learners, with or without an instructor presentMoore (1989) 
Learner–instructorInteraction between the learner and an expert who prepared or delivers course materialMoore (1989) 
Learner–contentCognitive or perceptual contact between students and study materials that results in the acquisition of meaningLiu and Kaye (2016) 
Learner–interfaceThe process of manipulating tools to accomplish a learning taskHillman et al. (1994) 

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