Table 1 Hierarchical linear model (HLM)...

Table 1

Hierarchical linear model (HLM) for exports for LAC (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018)

Year	Model	R²	F(df)	P	R² change	F(df) change	P
2010	1	0.901	34.229(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.906	26.870(5,14)	0.000	0.004	0.648(1,14)	0.433
	3	0.919	24.665(6,13)	0.000	0.014	2.193(1,13)	0.161
	4	0.938	25.966(7,12)	0.000	0.019	3.646(1,12)	0.079*
	5	0.939	21.124(8,11)	0.000	0.001	0.147(1,11)	0.708
	6	0.940	17.418(9,10)	0.000	0.001	0.192(1,10)	0.670
GDP (3.418)*, TRFR (32.42), infra (−7.212), QLS (3.051), N = 20
2012	1	0.906	36.319(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.908	27.518(5,14)	0.000	0.001	0.187(1,14)	0.672
	3	0.912	22.524(6,13)	0.000	0.005	0.682(1,13)	0.423
	4	0.914	18.212(7,12)	0.000	0.002	0.240(1,12)	0.632
	5	0.914	14.645(8,11)	0.000	0.000	0.026(1,11)	0.875
	6	0.916	12.102(9,10)	0.000	0.002	0.206(1,10)	0.659
GDP (3.404)*, TRFR (30.79), FDI (−1.886), N = 20
2014	1	0.757	11.674(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.772	9.494(5,14)	0.000	0.015	0.945(1,14)	0.346
	3	0.773	7.382(6,13)	0.001	0.001	0.048(1,13)	0.829
	4	0.786	6.297(7,12)	0.003	0.013	0.725(1,12)	0.410
	5	0.857	8.210(8,11)	0.001	0.071	5.409(1,11)	0.038**
	6	0.908	11.028	0.000	0.052	5.672(1,10)	0.036**
TRFR (27.79)*, QLS (−6.960), LPTT (6.872)*, LPTL (−3.653)*, N = 20
2016	1	0.627	6.298(4,15)	0.004
	2	0.728	7.476(5,14)	0.001	0.101	5.176(1,14)	0.038**
	3	0.735	6.006(6,13)	0.003	0.007	0.360(1,13)	0.558
	4	0.775	5.893(7,12)	0.004	0.040	2.118(1,12)	0.169
	5	0.781	4.899(8,11)	0.009	0.006	0.311(1,11)	0.588
	6	0.783	4.014	0.021	0.002	0.109(1,10)	0.748
IND (11.669)*, LPCUST (−2.206)*, N = 20
2018	1	0.718	9.564(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.788	10.436(5,14)	0.000	0.070	4.640(1,14)	0.048**
	3	0.820	9.895(6,13)	0.000	0.032	2.310(1,13)	0.151
	4	0.835	8.705(7,12)	0.001	0.015	1.102(1,12)	0.313
	5	0.837	7.056(8,11)	0.002	0.001	0.098(1,10)	0.760
	6	0.845	6.060(9,10)	0.005	0.008	0.526(1,10)	0.484

Year	Model	R²	F(df)	P	R² change	F(df) change	P
2010	1	0.901	34.229(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.906	26.870(5,14)	0.000	0.004	0.648(1,14)	0.433
	3	0.919	24.665(6,13)	0.000	0.014	2.193(1,13)	0.161
	4	0.938	25.966(7,12)	0.000	0.019	3.646(1,12)	0.079*
	5	0.939	21.124(8,11)	0.000	0.001	0.147(1,11)	0.708
	6	0.940	17.418(9,10)	0.000	0.001	0.192(1,10)	0.670
GDP (3.418)*, TRFR (32.42), infra (−7.212), QLS (3.051), N = 20
2012	1	0.906	36.319(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.908	27.518(5,14)	0.000	0.001	0.187(1,14)	0.672
	3	0.912	22.524(6,13)	0.000	0.005	0.682(1,13)	0.423
	4	0.914	18.212(7,12)	0.000	0.002	0.240(1,12)	0.632
	5	0.914	14.645(8,11)	0.000	0.000	0.026(1,11)	0.875
	6	0.916	12.102(9,10)	0.000	0.002	0.206(1,10)	0.659
GDP (3.404)*, TRFR (30.79), FDI (−1.886), N = 20
2014	1	0.757	11.674(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.772	9.494(5,14)	0.000	0.015	0.945(1,14)	0.346
	3	0.773	7.382(6,13)	0.001	0.001	0.048(1,13)	0.829
	4	0.786	6.297(7,12)	0.003	0.013	0.725(1,12)	0.410
	5	0.857	8.210(8,11)	0.001	0.071	5.409(1,11)	0.038**
	6	0.908	11.028	0.000	0.052	5.672(1,10)	0.036**
TRFR (27.79)*, QLS (−6.960), LPTT (6.872), LPTL (−3.653), N = 20
2016	1	0.627	6.298(4,15)	0.004
	2	0.728	7.476(5,14)	0.001	0.101	5.176(1,14)	0.038**
	3	0.735	6.006(6,13)	0.003	0.007	0.360(1,13)	0.558
	4	0.775	5.893(7,12)	0.004	0.040	2.118(1,12)	0.169
	5	0.781	4.899(8,11)	0.009	0.006	0.311(1,11)	0.588
	6	0.783	4.014	0.021	0.002	0.109(1,10)	0.748
IND (11.669), LPCUST (−2.206), N = 20
2018	1	0.718	9.564(4,15)	0.000
	2	0.788	10.436(5,14)	0.000	0.070	4.640(1,14)	0.048**
	3	0.820	9.895(6,13)	0.000	0.032	2.310(1,13)	0.151
	4	0.835	8.705(7,12)	0.001	0.015	1.102(1,12)	0.313
	5	0.837	7.056(8,11)	0.002	0.001	0.098(1,10)	0.760
	6	0.845	6.060(9,10)	0.005	0.008	0.526(1,10)	0.484

Note(s): TRFR (14.91)**, IND (10.41)**, LPCUST (−2.56)**, N = 20, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Model 1 uses the general OLPI index (overall); model 2 uses the LPI customs index; model 3 uses the LPI infrastructure; model 4 uses the LPI quality of logistics services index; model 5 uses the LPI tracking and tracing index; model 6 uses the LPI timeliness. Coefficients are based on log-transformed variables and therefore reflect scaled associations rather than standardized beta coefficients. QLS = Quality of logistics services and IND = Industry or industrial sector indicator

Source(s): Author’s elaboration

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