Table 3 Hierarchical linear model (HLM)...

Table 3

Hierarchical linear model (HLM) for exports during the pre- and post-era

Year	Model	R²	F(df)	P	R² change	F(df) change	P
Pre-PCE era (2010,2012,2014)	1	0.821	63.216(4,55)	0.000
	2	0.834	54.444(5,54)	0.000	0.013	4.278(1,54)	0.043**
	3	0.835	44.659(6,53)	0.000	0.000	0.128(1,53)	0.722
	4	0.835	37.567(7,52)	0.000	0.000	0.011(1,52)	0.916
	5	0.842	34.066(8,51)	0.000	0.007	2.413(1,51)	0.126
	6	0.849	31.310(9,50)	0.000	0.007	2.303(1,50)	0.135
GDP (1.644)*, TRFR (25.335), LPCust (−1.112)*, N = 60
Post-PCE era (2016,2018)	1	0.668	17.625(4,35)	0.000
	2	0.751	20.506(5,34)	0.000	0.083	11.295(1,34)	0.002***
	3	0.751	16.614(6,33)	0.000	0.000	0.043(1,33)	0.838
	4	0.751	13.819(7,32)	0.000	0.000	0.016(1,32)	0.900
	5	0.754	11.890(8,31)	0.000	0.003	0.350(1,31)	0.558
	6	0.768	11.034(9,30)	0.000	0.014	1.783(1,30)	0.192
TRFR (15.481)*, IND (11.172), LPCust (−2.261)**, N = 40
Pre-PCE era (OLPI)	1	0.821	63.219(4,55)	0.000
Pre-PCE era (OLPI)	2	0.826	51.148(5,54)	0.000	0.004	1.333(1,54)	0.253
GDP (2.019)*, TRFR (25.91)*, N = 60
Post-PCE era (OLPI)	1	0.668	17.625(4,35)	0.000
Post-PCE era (OLPI)	2	0.741	19.477(5,34)	0.000	0.073	9.588(1,34)	0.004

Year	Model	R²	F(df)	P	R² change	F(df) change	P
Pre-PCE era (2010,2012,2014)	1	0.821	63.216(4,55)	0.000
	2	0.834	54.444(5,54)	0.000	0.013	4.278(1,54)	0.043**
	3	0.835	44.659(6,53)	0.000	0.000	0.128(1,53)	0.722
	4	0.835	37.567(7,52)	0.000	0.000	0.011(1,52)	0.916
	5	0.842	34.066(8,51)	0.000	0.007	2.413(1,51)	0.126
	6	0.849	31.310(9,50)	0.000	0.007	2.303(1,50)	0.135
GDP (1.644)*, TRFR (25.335), LPCust (−1.112)*, N = 60
Post-PCE era (2016,2018)	1	0.668	17.625(4,35)	0.000
	2	0.751	20.506(5,34)	0.000	0.083	11.295(1,34)	0.002***
	3	0.751	16.614(6,33)	0.000	0.000	0.043(1,33)	0.838
	4	0.751	13.819(7,32)	0.000	0.000	0.016(1,32)	0.900
	5	0.754	11.890(8,31)	0.000	0.003	0.350(1,31)	0.558
	6	0.768	11.034(9,30)	0.000	0.014	1.783(1,30)	0.192
TRFR (15.481)*, IND (11.172), LPCust (−2.261)**, N = 40
Pre-PCE era (OLPI)	1	0.821	63.219(4,55)	0.000
Pre-PCE era (OLPI)	2	0.826	51.148(5,54)	0.000	0.004	1.333(1,54)	0.253
GDP (2.019)*, TRFR (25.91)*, N = 60
Post-PCE era (OLPI)	1	0.668	17.625(4,35)	0.000
Post-PCE era (OLPI)	2	0.741	19.477(5,34)	0.000	0.073	9.588(1,34)	0.004

Note(s): GDP (1.306)***, TRFR (15.733)**, IND (10.870)***, OLPI (−2.312)***, N = 40

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Model 1 uses the general OLPI index (overall); model 2 uses the LPI customs index; model 3 uses the LPI infrastructure; model 4 uses the LPI quality of logistics services index; Model 5 uses the LPI tracking and tracing index; model 6 uses the LPI timeliness. Coefficients are based on log-transformed variables and therefore reflect scaled associations rather than standardized beta coefficients

Source(s): Author’s elaboration

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