Table 1 Summary of research variables,... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Summary of research variables, operational definitions and instruments

Variable	Brief operational definition	Instrument type	Number of items
Technology readiness	Readiness in terms of digital resources, experience and confidence in using technology for learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Cognitive readiness	Readiness to understand content, learn independently and manage cognitively demanding visual-spatial material	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Affective readiness	Attitudes, interest, comfort, motivation and confidence toward technology-enhanced learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Perception of XR-based learning	Expectations and perceived value of XR and AI for supporting IPBA learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Prior knowledge	Initial understanding of basic IPBA concepts	Multiple-choice test	10
Learning style	Dominant learning preferences based on the VARK framework	Multiple-choice preference inventory	3

Variable	Brief operational definition	Instrument type	Number of items
Technology readiness	Readiness in terms of digital resources, experience and confidence in using technology for learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Cognitive readiness	Readiness to understand content, learn independently and manage cognitively demanding visual-spatial material	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Affective readiness	Attitudes, interest, comfort, motivation and confidence toward technology-enhanced learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Perception of XR-based learning	Expectations and perceived value of XR and AI for supporting IPBA learning	Five-point Likert questionnaire	5
Prior knowledge	Initial understanding of basic IPBA concepts	Multiple-choice test	10
Learning style	Dominant learning preferences based on the VARK framework	Multiple-choice preference inventory	3