Comparative analysis of participative practices (22 cases)
| Practice – source (user) | Technology type | Timing | Method | Engagement + user | Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yanyuwa Comic Project (Liang et al., 2024) | Knowledge graphs | Development-early | Co-construction workshops; data storytelling/data comics | Include (language teachers) | Community agency; recognition of diverse knowledge systems |
| World literature knowledge graph (Stranisci et al., 2017) | Knowledge graphs | Evaluation usability testing (late) | Reader community integration; expert usability validation | Consult (teachers, researchers, publishing professionals) | Addresses non-western representation (implicit) |
| PhD students’ information-Sharing knowledge Graph (Gardasevic and Gazan, 2023; Gardasevic and Lamba, 2024) | Knowledge graphs | Design/evaluation (late) | Participatory design workshop; interviews + sentiment analysis | Include (PhD students) | Not explicit |
| KnowEdu (Chen et al., 2018) | Knowledge graphs | Development (UCD) | User-centered design with experts/learners; automated KG | Elaborate (experts, learners) | Not explicit |
| Research knowledge Graphs for participatory archives (Hocker et al., 2022) | Knowledge graphs | Research/Ongoing | Participatory approach; annotation | Scientific (archivists, researchers) | Not explicit |
| ATLAS (Giacomini et al., 2025) | Knowledge graphs | Research design/analysis - constant | Participatory research support; collaborative data entry | Scientific (researchers, practitioners) | Not explicit |
| Polariscope collaborative storytelling Platform (Almeida et al., 2024) | Neurosymbolic AI systems | Design: Development/evaluation (constant) | Collaborative storytelling with AI-generated stories | Involve/collaborate (citizens, cultural institutions) | Not explicit |
| InTaVia (Mayr et al., 2022) | Neurosymbolic AI systems | Design/evaluation (constant) | Requirement workshops; user testing; empirical validation | Consult (historians, cultural scientists, GLAM practitioners, technicians) | Not explicit |
| Neurosymbolic narrative generation for cultural heritage (Palma, 2023) | Neurosymbolic AI systems | Development (constant) | Neurosymbolic ASG pipeline; user parameter control | Consult, include, elaborate (not defined) | Community agency framing (preliminary) |
| DigiNUMA (Hocker et al., 2022) | LOD platforms | Design (participatory heritage) not explicit timing | Participatory heritage component; lightweight KG | Educational (school archivists and researchers) | Not explicit |
| SAMPO model projects (Hyvönen, 2023) | LOD platforms | Design (not explicit timing) | Configurable semantic portals; faceted exploration | Consult (researchers, practitioners) | Not explicit |
| Wikibase for cultural heritage (Kesäniemi et al., 2022) | LOD platforms | Ongoing enrichment – constant | Collaborative editing | Social (non-expert users) | Not explicit |
| Cultural leaf semantic portal (Dorobăț et al., 2024) | LOD platforms | Evaluation – late | Usability-focused semantic portal | Consult (researchers, general public) | Not explicit |
| European cultural gems (Consoli et al., 2023) | LOD platforms | Information gathering/ constant | Crowdsourced platform; citizen contributions | Social (citizens) | Not explicit |
| Archive dynamics ontology – ArDO (Vsesviatska et al., 2021) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (expert-driven) late | Ontology engineering | Inform/consult (not reported) | Not explicit |
| GTDOnto (Al-Fayez et al., 2023) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (NeOn) – early | NeOn methodology; expert review + competency questions | Consult | Sensitive domain; bias mitigation noted |
| ARCA (Bernasconi et al., 2022) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Development/evaluation (late) | User-centered design; iterative releases; comparative usability testing | Consult (publishers, researchers, interested individuals) | Not explicit |
| ArsEmotica (Patti et al., 2015) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Information gathering/constant | Emotion-driven exploration with implicit crowdsourcing | Political community agency (social media users) | Not explicit |
| Participatory indexing for academic digital libraries (Leblanc, 2020) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (early) | Co-design workshops; prototyping | Scientific (potential library users) | Not explicit |
| ProvKOS (Choi and Cheng, 2024) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (early) | Five-step participatory process; participatory design | Consult, include, elaborate (editorial managers, information professionals, researchers) | Bias mitigation (controversial classification tracking) |
| Inuvialuit digital library (Farnel and Shiri, 2019) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design/ongoing (early) | Community-driven co-design; interviews/focus groups/user testing/surveys | Political community agency (community members, students, language instructors, ICC staff, archivists, librarians, researchers) | Community agency; diverse knowledge systems; culturally grounded access rules |
| HyperReal (Sartini and Shoilee, 2025) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Ongoing | Participatory exhibition design; co-curation tools | Consult, include, elaborate (not profiled) | Community agency (multivocal approach) |
| Rhizomer (García et al., 2022) | Ontology/semantic search systems | Evaluation/ongoing (late/monitoring) | Human-centered interface for KG exploration | Consult and elaborate (researchers, practitioners, lay users) | Not explicit |
| Practice – source (user) | Technology type | Timing | Method | Engagement + user | Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yanyuwa Comic Project ( | Knowledge graphs | Development-early | Co-construction workshops; data storytelling/data comics | Include (language teachers) | Community agency; recognition of diverse knowledge systems |
| World literature knowledge graph ( | Knowledge graphs | Evaluation usability testing (late) | Reader community integration; expert usability validation | Consult (teachers, researchers, publishing professionals) | Addresses non-western representation (implicit) |
| PhD students’ information-Sharing knowledge Graph ( | Knowledge graphs | Design/evaluation (late) | Participatory design workshop; interviews + sentiment analysis | Include (PhD students) | Not explicit |
| KnowEdu ( | Knowledge graphs | Development ( | User-centered design with experts/learners; automated | Elaborate (experts, learners) | Not explicit |
| Research knowledge Graphs for participatory archives ( | Knowledge graphs | Research/Ongoing | Participatory approach; annotation | Scientific (archivists, researchers) | Not explicit |
| Knowledge graphs | Research design/analysis - constant | Participatory research support; collaborative data entry | Scientific (researchers, practitioners) | Not explicit | |
| Polariscope collaborative storytelling Platform ( | Neurosymbolic | Design: Development/evaluation (constant) | Collaborative storytelling with AI-generated stories | Involve/collaborate (citizens, cultural institutions) | Not explicit |
| InTaVia ( | Neurosymbolic | Design/evaluation (constant) | Requirement workshops; user testing; empirical validation | Consult (historians, cultural scientists, | Not explicit |
| Neurosymbolic narrative generation for cultural heritage ( | Neurosymbolic | Development (constant) | Neurosymbolic | Consult, include, elaborate (not defined) | Community agency framing (preliminary) |
| DigiNUMA ( | Design (participatory heritage) not explicit timing | Participatory heritage component; lightweight | Educational (school archivists and researchers) | Not explicit | |
| Design (not explicit timing) | Configurable semantic portals; faceted exploration | Consult (researchers, practitioners) | Not explicit | ||
| Wikibase for cultural heritage ( | Ongoing enrichment – constant | Collaborative editing | Social (non-expert users) | Not explicit | |
| Cultural leaf semantic portal ( | Evaluation – late | Usability-focused semantic portal | Consult (researchers, general public) | Not explicit | |
| European cultural gems ( | Information gathering/ constant | Crowdsourced platform; citizen contributions | Social (citizens) | Not explicit | |
| Archive dynamics ontology – ArDO ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (expert-driven) late | Ontology engineering | Inform/consult (not reported) | Not explicit |
| GTDOnto ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (NeOn) – early | NeOn methodology; expert review + competency questions | Consult | Sensitive domain; bias mitigation noted |
| Ontology/semantic search systems | Development/evaluation (late) | User-centered design; iterative releases; comparative usability testing | Consult (publishers, researchers, interested individuals) | Not explicit | |
| ArsEmotica ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Information gathering/constant | Emotion-driven exploration with implicit crowdsourcing | Political community agency (social media users) | Not explicit |
| Participatory indexing for academic digital libraries ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (early) | Co-design workshops; prototyping | Scientific (potential library users) | Not explicit |
| ProvKOS ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design (early) | Five-step participatory process; participatory design | Consult, include, elaborate (editorial managers, information professionals, researchers) | Bias mitigation (controversial classification tracking) |
| Inuvialuit digital library ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Design/ongoing (early) | Community-driven co-design; interviews/focus groups/user testing/surveys | Political community agency (community members, students, language instructors, | Community agency; diverse knowledge systems; culturally grounded access rules |
| HyperReal ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Ongoing | Participatory exhibition design; co-curation tools | Consult, include, elaborate (not profiled) | Community agency (multivocal approach) |
| Rhizomer ( | Ontology/semantic search systems | Evaluation/ongoing (late/monitoring) | Human-centered interface for | Consult and elaborate (researchers, practitioners, lay users) | Not explicit |
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