Table 3. Results of multilevel...

Table 3.

Results of multilevel structural equation models

	Learning from oneself			Learning from others			Learning from media
Parameters	Null model^b	L1^b	L1 + L2	Null model	L1	L1 + L2	Null model	L1	L1 + L2
Observations	4,977	4,977	4,250	4,977	4,977	4,250	4977	4977	4250
Clusters	364	364	311	364	364	311	364	364	311
Chi²	0.032	39.257	71.708	213.155	230.428	247.651	134.027	187.09	151.221
df	1	5	16	10	18	42	4	10	28
CFI	1.000	0.986	0.975	0.972	0.972	0.968	0.959	0.949	0.959
TLI	1.005	0.967	0.954	0.944	0.953	0.955	0.876	0.897	0.936
AIC	42,273.702	40,971.244	34,960.630	71,779.443	71,527.126	61,250.255	48543.088	48281.51	41616.216
BIC	42,364.878	41,075.446	35,106.788	71,942.257	71,702.966	61,459.959	48673.339	48424.78	41794.147
RMSEA	0.000 (0.000–0.021)	0.037 (0.027−0.048)	0.029 (0.022−0.036)	0.064 (0.057−0.071)	0.049 (0.043−0.054)	0.034 (0.030−0.038)	0.081 (0.069-0.093)	0.060 (0.052-0.067)	0.032 (0.027-0.037)
SRMR_W	0.000	0.017	0.015	0.025	0.021	0.021	0.041	0.035	0.032
SRMR_B	0.003	0.003	0.035	0.041	0.041	0.030	0.012	0.012	0.018
Task newness		0.300***	0.309***		0.195***	0.192***		0.184***	0.186***
Task difficulty		0.611***	0.603***		0.133***	0.137***		0.207***	0.188***
Task newness			0.519***			0.315**			0.570***
Task difficulty			0.251*			0.206			−0.109
Task variety			0.057			0.079			0.016
Job autonomy			0.016			−0.026			0.033
Leadership			−0.010			0.045			−0.042
Learning culture			0.344***			0.393***			0.420***
L1 R²		45.9%	45.6%		6.3%	6.2%		8.5%	7.8%
L2 R²			47.0%			38.4%			36.3%
L1 Var (SE)	0.213 (0.019)			0.899 (0.033)			0.108 (0.009)
L2 Var (SE)	0.159 (0.031)			0.459 (0.053)			0.601 (0.051)
ICC^a	42.7%			33.7%			84.8%

	Learning from oneself			Learning from others			Learning from media
Parameters	Null model^b	L1^b	L1 + L2	Null model	L1	L1 + L2	Null model	L1	L1 + L2
Observations	4,977	4,977	4,250	4,977	4,977	4,250	4977	4977	4250
Clusters	364	364	311	364	364	311	364	364	311
Chi²	0.032	39.257	71.708	213.155	230.428	247.651	134.027	187.09	151.221
df	1	5	16	10	18	42	4	10	28
CFI	1.000	0.986	0.975	0.972	0.972	0.968	0.959	0.949	0.959
TLI	1.005	0.967	0.954	0.944	0.953	0.955	0.876	0.897	0.936
AIC	42,273.702	40,971.244	34,960.630	71,779.443	71,527.126	61,250.255	48543.088	48281.51	41616.216
BIC	42,364.878	41,075.446	35,106.788	71,942.257	71,702.966	61,459.959	48673.339	48424.78	41794.147
RMSEA	0.000 (0.000–0.021)	0.037 (0.027−0.048)	0.029 (0.022−0.036)	0.064 (0.057−0.071)	0.049 (0.043−0.054)	0.034 (0.030−0.038)	0.081 (0.069-0.093)	0.060 (0.052-0.067)	0.032 (0.027-0.037)
SRMR_W	0.000	0.017	0.015	0.025	0.021	0.021	0.041	0.035	0.032
SRMR_B	0.003	0.003	0.035	0.041	0.041	0.030	0.012	0.012	0.018
Task newness		0.300***	0.309***		0.195***	0.192***		0.184***	0.186***
Task difficulty		0.611***	0.603***		0.133***	0.137***		0.207***	0.188***
Task newness			0.519***			0.315**			0.570***
Task difficulty			0.251*			0.206			−0.109
Task variety			0.057			0.079			0.016
Job autonomy			0.016			−0.026			0.033
Leadership			−0.010			0.045			−0.042
Learning culture			0.344***			0.393***			0.420***
L1 R²		45.9%	45.6%		6.3%	6.2%		8.5%	7.8%
L2 R²			47.0%			38.4%			36.3%
L1 Var (SE)	0.213 (0.019)			0.899 (0.033)			0.108 (0.009)
L2 Var (SE)	0.159 (0.031)			0.459 (0.053)			0.601 (0.051)
ICC^a	42.7%			33.7%			84.8%

Note(s):

All reported regression coefficients are standardized using latent variable standardization (Std.lv). L1 = Level 1; L2 = Level 2; CFI =Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker–Lewis Index; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion; RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR-W = Standardized Root Mean Square at the within-person level; SRMR-B = Standardized Root Mean Square at the between-person level; leadership = leadership conducive to learning; learning culture = perceived learning culture; Var (SE) = variance (standard error); ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; L1 variables were centered within cluster; L2 variables were centered at the grand mean. ^aICCs do not contain an error term. ^bThe estimated residual variance of rethinking/thinking old problems in a new way was negative at Level 2 and was therefore fixed to 0 at Level 2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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