Table 3

TOPSIS results in the long-term, pre- and post-crisis periods

YearROAROEEBITMTobin’s QCHLNCAFOTACAFORCIECASH2CO2PCCO2IntensityARTA
 Panel A: Long-term period
2003−0.156−0.011−0.2020.2350.2040.4030.4030.2240.1520.2770.3210.426
20040.0980.031−0.0990.2190.2280.2670.4170.2240.2300.2810.3190.428
20050.1040.8100.5010.3790.0080.1840.4160.0120.2690.2840.3210.378
20060.131−0.0190.4010.2710.2630.2590.2610.2580.1830.3120.3160.361
20070.3150.1300.2760.2480.1910.1150.2180.1830.1720.3430.3180.389
2008−0.038−0.4340.0410.2250.2200.2300.3090.2240.2620.3360.3060.350
20090.0250.0550.0610.4580.1750.2440.2980.2480.1850.3350.3110.351
20100.3100.2080.2100.4540.2530.0870.2430.2960.2480.3450.2990.306
20110.0450.1090.1800.0460.2160.1070.2220.2600.1730.3600.3140.289
20120.3080.1460.2980.2020.2820.0600.1000.3160.2640.3690.3130.226
 Panel B: Pre-financial crisis
200300.00900.1410.76910.9270.865110.2560.975
20040.5390.0610.1470.0930.8650.52810.8650.3330.9570.4711
20050.55311100.2410.994000.83100.257
20060.60900.8580.01210.4990.21710.7300.43710
200710.1800.68000.723000.6960.82600.7020.418
 Panel C: Post-financial crisis
20080000.0020.4210.924100.0140.8960.5880.995
20090.1800.7610.0740.002010.9470.2630.86710.2221
2010110.65400.7270.1460.6840.7780.1670.81910.642
20110.2380.8460.53910.3950.2560.5840.38910.24400.505
20120.9930.90410.8911001000.0950
YearAPTAGWCRNWCRLiquidRCurrentRCASHRTALEVERAGEDistance+Distance-TOPSIS ScoreRank
 Panel A: Long-term period
20030.2120.293−0.0900.0320.1450.1520.2900.3120.0780.3500.381410
20040.2230.293−0.0900.2470.1720.2300.2970.3220.0920.1120.43418
20050.2110.1890.1540.1140.1060.2690.3310.2410.0870.1050.60721
20060.2030.2740.1770.1850.1240.1830.3190.2570.0640.1320.50346
20070.2010.3200.1880.2930.1740.1720.3190.2290.0420.1560.5373
20080.1870.3140.1060.1850.1150.2620.3540.3160.1280.0820,38669
20090.1790.3340.1250.3210.1910.1850.3290.3220.1180.0890,43757
20100.1630.3210.1630.2230.1310.2480.3320.2430.1030.0970.5442
20110.1620.360−0.2010.2790.1700.1730.3720.3560.1520.0640.5244
20120.1600.341−0.2010.2160.1370.2640.3950.4480.1380.0710.5065
 Panel B: Pre-financial crisis
20030.5050.8962.85e0.1290.8750.4880.8450.1242.7263.0070.5243
200410.89500.74410.9680.96602.3893.2520.5761
20050.45500.65100000.9903.2832.5920.4415
20060.0530.6450.8930.3950.6370.2620.6790.6472.5892.8030.5204
200701110.6271112.5573.2020.5562
 Panel C: Post-financial crisis
2008100.84201010.6403.1062.8780.4814
20090.7020.4460.8941010.4470.6782.5623.0880.5462
20100.1130.16210.2790.3970.2100.65212.4582.9840,54831
20110.06210.5800.6940.5840.73200.4462.6072.6440.5043
201200.59300.2290.5510.2820.88303.2142.6780.4555

Note(s): We followed two financial crisis periods: before crisis (2003–2007) and after crisis (2008–2012)

Source(s): Composed by authors. Proceed data, 2025

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